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Copyright N°. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



GILDERSLEEVE-LODGE LATIN SERIES 



WRITING LATIN 



BOOK TWO 



BY 

JOHN EDMUND BARSS 

LATIN MASTER IN THE HOTCHKISS SCHOOL 



REVISED EDITION 



D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 






Copyright, 1903, by 
UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO. 



Copyright, 1913, by 
D. C. HEATH & CO. 

I H3 



?v- 



)CU351692 



PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION 

This revision of Writing Latin — Book Two contains the 
following changes from the first edition : 

1. The Exercises are entirely new, and based on Professor 
Lodge's Vocabulary of High School Latin, 

2. The Review of Case Constructions, covering eight Lessons, 
has been placed at the beginning instead of at the end. 

3. An attempt has been made to have the vocabulary used in 
the Exercises on each construction include as many as possible 
of the words normally employed in that construction, an idea 
suggested by Professor E. P. Morris' work On Principles aitd 
Method in Latin Syntax, 

4. In order not to interrupt the sustained attack on syntax, 
and to allow more time at the end of the course for reviews and 
final assimilation of principles, the Exercises in Connected Prose 
have, with the exception of brief paragraphs at the end of Les- 
sons IX-XXVIII, been placed at the end of the book. 

5. As in the case of Book One, the Special Vocabularies are 
now arranged by parts of speech, to allow of greater facility in 
reviewing. 

6. Because of the tendency of beginners in Latin to associate 
one English word with one Latin word, the translation of the 
original Latin of the Exercises has been very free, the literal 
rendering being suggested in parentheses wherever this seemed 
necessary. It is hoped that by this means teachers will be 
aided in giving their classes an idea of what advanced prose 
composition really implies — an exact rendering of the thought 
of the original as distinguished from the translation of separate 
words. 



iv PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION 

7. The original plan of collecting the Exercises into a few 
groups of related subjects has been abandoned, so far as any 
typographical devices are concerned. Experience seemed to 
show that it was of no particular help to the pupil. At the 
same time, the principle of treating in the same lesson things 
which ought to be studied at the same time has been retained, 
as of fundamental importance. 

8. The ** Hints " have been revised, where necessary. In 
spite of certain requests, it seemed best to the writer not to add 
a complete section on Syntax, but to adhere to his first plan of 
requiring the pupil to use a grammar, to which the '' Hints " 
should be supplementary. Teachers who desire such material 
in a composition book, as well as those who for reasons of their 
own prefer the less systematic method of a composition '* based," 
without vocabulary, on the authors read, will find excellent 
books containing these features already in the field — a field 
which it is not the purpose of this manual to invade. Besides 
the grammars cited in the first edition, references have been 
added to the grammars of Hale and Buck, and of Burton. 

J. E. B. 

Lakeville, Connecticut, 
May 19, 1913. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction vii 

Lessons I-VIII. Review of Case Constructions . .1-21 
Lesson IX. Moods in Direct Questions. Commands. 

Exhortations. Prohibitions 22 

Lesson X. Indirect Statements 24 

Lesson XI. Indirect Questions and Commands . . 29 
Lesson XII. Personal and Impersonal Passive. Gerund 

and Gerundive. Second Periphrastic Conjugation . 32 
Lesson XIII. Infinitive as Subject and as Object. Licet, 

Oportet, Necesse est 35 

Lesson XIV. Purpose and Result. Attraction. Supines 39 
Lesson XV. Substantive Clauses with ut and ne . .44 
Lesson XVI. Qum and Quo minus. Clauses of Char- 
acteristic 46 

Lesson XVII. Expressions of Cause. Substantive Clauses 

WITH Quod 51 

Lesson XVIII. Concessive (Adversative) Clauses . . 53 

Lesson XIX. Temporal Clauses 56 

Lesson XX. Temporal Clauses, Continued ... 59 

Lesson XXI. Conditional Sentences 62 

Lesson XXII. Optative Subjunctive. Clauses of Pro- 
viso. Conditional Clauses of Comparison ... 66 
Lesson XXIII. Conditional Sentences in Indirect Dis- 
course 68 

Lesson XXIV. Participles. The Ablative Absolute . 70 



vi CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Lesson XXV. Use of Talis^ etc 74 

Lesson XX VL Pronouns ....... 76 

Lesson XXVIL Correlatives 77 

Lesson XXVIIL Dates . . 79 

Lessons XXIX-XLVL Exercises in Connected Narrative 82-99 

Special Vocabularies loi 

General Vocabulary 133 



INTRODUCTION 

In writing Latin, the first object should be to secure gram- 
matical exactness. It is always worth while to verify every- 
thing about which there may be the slightest doubt ; and it is 
needless to say that nothing diminishes the difficulties of the 
work so rapidly as the practice of this careful scrutiny. 

The next matter of importance is the order of words.^ The 
student should strive to obtain clearness by reading his own 
Latin over, and seeing if he can understand it. Verbs should 
regularly stand last in their several clauses ; it is then easy to 
give variety by occasionally varying this order. 

In compound and complex sentences, the best results will be 
obtained by avoiding an involved sentence-structure until one 
has acquired some degree of skill in writing Latin. Thus, if we 
had to translate the sentence 

The townsmen sent envoys to Caesar to beg him for peace, it 
would be safer to write 

[Oppidani legates ad Caesarem miserunt] [qui pacem ab eo 
peterent], 

in which the two clauses are perfectly distinct, rather than 

Oppidani Iggatos ad Caesarem [qui pacem ab eo peterent] miserunt, 

where the purpose clause is contained, as a sort of parenthesis, 
in the main clause. Furthermore, in the last sentence there are 
two verbs standing together at the end, which is a serious de- 
fect. This may be avoided by arranging the clauses as in the 

1 Read carefully G. 671-679; A. 595-599; B. 348-353; H. 663-685; HB. 621- 
630 ; Bn. 1055-1069. 

vii 



viii INTRODUCTION 

first example, or by placing some other word than the verb at 

the end of the first clause. Thus, the last example might be 

made to end 

. . . qui pacem peterent ab eo miserunt. 

Latin frequently employs the relative where English prefers a 
demonstrative, even when there is a subordinating conjunction. 
The relative must always precede the conjunction. Thus, 

Lentuliis was brought in^ \jind\ when he saw the Gauls^ he 
was alarmed 
should be written 

Introductus est Lentulus, qui cum Gallos videre, perterritus est. 

After one has acquired the ability to wTite clearly and in a 
normal Latin order, he may give attention to emphasis and 
style, combining with study of the grammatical rules the reading 
aloud of Latin with which he is familiar, and the retranslation 
into Latin of English renderings which have been written out 
and laid aside for a little time. 



NEW WRITING LATIN 

BOOK TWO 



LESSON I 
REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 

The references are to the grammars of Gildersleeve and Lodge (G.), Allen and 
Greenough (A.), Bennett (B.), Harkness (H.), Hale and Buck (HB.), and Bur- 
ton (Bn). 

1. Case of Address: G. 23. 5; 201. Remark i. A. 340. B. 171. 
H. 402. HB. 400. Bn. 398 ; 1060. 

2. Concord of the Verb: G. 211. A. 316. B. 254. 1-4. H. 388. 
HB. 328; 329. Bn. 735-742. 

3. Ablative of Agent: G. 401 (second paragraph). A. 405 and 
Notes 2, 3. B. 216. H. 468. HB. 406. i. Bn. 536. 

4. Ablative of Means: G. 401. A. 409. B. 218. H. 476. HB. 
423. Bn. 570. 

5. Indirect Object: G. 344; 345. A. 362 and a. B. 186; 187. I. 
H. 423 ; 424 and 2. HB. 365. Bn. 449; 450. 

6. Attributive Agreement. Apposition: G. 289-291 ; 320; 321. A. 
281; 282; 285. I, 2; 286 and a; 287. i. B. 169. 1-5; 233.2; 234; 
235.^,1,^,1. H. 393-395. I, 2. HB. 316; 317. I, 2, a; 318; 319. 
i; 320. I, II; 321. I; 323. i, 2. Bn. 380; 381; 383; 384; 386; 629; 
631 ; 632. 

7. Predicate Adjective and Predicate Noun : G. 205 ; 206; 211 ; 286; 
340. A. 283 ; 284 ; 285. 2 ; 287. 2-4 ; 391-393. a. B. 167 ; 168. i, 2 ; 
177. I, 2 ; 235. A, 2, B, 2. H. 393. 8 ; 394 ; 395. i, 2 ; 410. i. HB. 
317. 3 ; 319. II ; 320. Ill ; 321. II. Bn. 389 ; 392 ; (632). 

8. Syntax of the Relative: G. 614 and Remarks. A. 305 and a; 
306. B. 250. 1-3. H. 396 and 2, 3. HB. 322. Bn. 693; 694; 703; 
705-707. 

9. Questions with -ne, Nonne, and Num: G. 454-456. A. 332. b. B. 
162. 2, a)-c). H. 378 and 2. HB. 231. i, b), c), d). Bn. 363-367. 



2 WRITING LATIN 

HINTS 

Agreement. The rules of agreement depend on the fol- 
lowing simple principles : 

a. An adjective or noun used in attributive or predi- 
cate agreement has the same case as the word (or words) 
which it describes. 

b. The gender and number of such adjective or noun 
will also be the same as those of the word (or words) which 
it describes, so far as circumstances allow. Note carefully 
the special rules given by the grammars for one adjective 
modifying two or more words differing in gender or 
number. 

Indirect Object. Remember that while in English the 

indirect object may be made the subject of the passive, 

this must never be done in writing Latin. Only the direct 

object of the active can become the subject of the passive, 

the indirect object remaining in the dative ; so that such a 

sentence as 

The soldiers were given money 

will, in Latin, always take the form, 

Money was given to the soldiers, Pecunia mlitihus data est. 

EXERCISE I 

I. The citizens have given authority to Cicero, the 
praetor. 2. Offices have also been bestowed upon him. 
3. By [his]^ excellent (best)^ measures the consul saved 
the commonwealth. 4. Afterwards the senate called him 
father of [his] country. 5. He was called the father of 
his country by those whom he had rendered safe by his 
measures. 6. Were not the cities and towns of Italy, 
[that] most beautiful land, very numerous (many).? 

1 Words in parentheses ( ) are explanatory ; those in square brackets [ ] are to 
be omitted. 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 3 

7. Men and women were not equally praised by Pompey, 
the general, were they ? 8. Neither approbation nor offices 
were bestowed upon the man (is) on whom once entire re- 
sponsibility had been laid (to whom all things (neut.) had 
been once assigned). 9. Whom will the general associate 
with him (join to himself [as] companion)? 10. Did the 
citizens surrender themselves and all their [property] to 
him? II. The weapons will be given up to the man 
(see 8) by whom this injunction was laid on (this was en- 
joined to) the citizens. 12. Caesar will be elected consul 
by those who formerly elected Cicero consul. 13. The 
general will return [their] weapons to those who surrender 
(shall have surrendered) themselves and all their [posses- 
sions] to him. 14. You owe me much (great) money, 
[my] friend ; why have you not paid [it] to me ? 
15. Those who are called enemies by the general will pay 
(give) the heaviest (greatest) penalty (pi.)- 16. There 
are many men, and women too, who are not handsome. 

17. Very great was the renown of the general, Pompey, 
who was called The Great by the Roman senate. 

18. These, father, are citizens of Capua, a town of Italy 
which is (which is a town, etc.,) both very important (large) 
and very beautiful. 19. Was not this town once called 
Capua ? 20. We will not hand Capua over to those who 
have not bestowed on Pompey the honors which they owed 
him. 

LESSON II 

REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS — Con^i/21/ed 

I. Ablative of Accompaniment : G. 392 and Remark i. A. 413. a, b. 
B. 222 and i. H. 473. i ; 474. 2, Note i. HB. 418; 419. 1-4; 420. 
Bn. 550; 551. 



4 WRITING LATIN 

2. Ablative of Manner: G. 399. A. 412. a, b. B. 220 and i. 
H. 473. 3 and Note. HB. 445. 1-3. Bn. 554. 

3. Position of Cum: G. 413. Remark i. A. 143. f; 150. d. 
B. 142. 4. H. 175. 7; 182. 2. HB. 418. a. Bn. 102. 4. 

4. Ablative of Accordance : G. 397. A. 418. a. B.220. 3. H. 475. 
3. HB. 414. Bn. 534. 

5. Two Accusatives: G. 339. A. 396. a, b. B. 178, complete. 
H. 411. I, 2, 4. HB. 386; 393, complete. Bn. 507-509. 

HINTS 

Prepositions in English. Remember that the inner 
meaning of the English rather than its outward form must 
be the guide in writing Latin. This is particularly true in 
translating prepositional phrases. For instance, in under 
the table, " under '' denotes actual position beneath, and is 
translated by sub ; but under these circumstances would be 
his in rebus (literally, **in the midst of these things *'); and 
under Roman rulcy simply imperio Romano. 

How to say "Own." When own is used to emphasize 
the idea of possession, the genitive of ipse, self, may be 
used, with or without a possessive pronoun. Unless the 
emphasis is very strong, however, the possessive pronoun 
alone will be sufficient. Thus, 

, ( vestra causa or vestra ipsorum causa. 

for your own sake k,_ _ ^_.__ 
•^ ^ { tua causa or tua ipsius causa. 

Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives. Remember that for 
my, your, our, the genitives of ego, tii, etc., are not to be 
used, but only the possessives mens, tuus, etc., in agree- 
ment with the object possessed ; thus, 

my horse^ equus meus ; 
our horse, equus noster. 

For his, her, its, their, use the possessive suus when the 
possessor is the subject of the sentence. Elsewhere use 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 5 

the genitive of a demonstrative pronoun. The special rule 
for subordinate clauses will be treated later. 

EXERCISE II 

I. Friends, I will not set out with you of my own accord. 
2. We are writing the letter with great care. 3. He 
taught me this of his own accord. 4. They will be 
taught the liberal arts and sciences (best arts) by him. 
5. Here we shall be in no sense (way) safe, where the 
enemy will soon pitch [their] camp. 6. We shall either 
live with you gladly on those terms (sing.) which he has 
mentioned (said), or without you die with calmness (tran- 
quil mind). 7. Under our dominion, the Gauls will no 
longer struggle with the Germans. 8. We have rightly 
established peace and friendship with those states against 
(cum) which we were formerly waging war. 9. The 
commander had led his army across the bridge and with 
all his forces was laying-siege-to a town which had not 
been rendered safe by new fortifications. 10. At the 
greatest risk to himself (his own greatest risk) the con- 
sul will save the commonwealth, which he has always 
defended most zealously (the highest zeal). 11. It was 
a pleasure to hear (with pleasure we heard) the letters 
which you had written ; we will gladly do what (those 
[things] which) you asked us. 12. The consul asks the 
senate [its] opinion in this way. 13. Those who have 
been asked their opinion by the consul will lay this in- 
junction on him (see I, 11). 14. According to my 
view, a full meeting of the senate will be summoned, and 
this told to them (to whom these things will be told). 
15. In a full meeting of the senate^ the consul will be 

1 Latin regards this as circumstance rather than place, hence the simple 
abl. is sufficient. 



6 WRITING LATIN 

given ^ commendation by all who have (shall have) been 
asked their opinion. i6. Those who have been given 
commendation by the consul will bestow offices on the 
praetor, according to their custom. 17. As his practice 
was (according to his custom), he praised all whom he had 
associated with him (see I, 9) in this way. 18. The com- 
mander started with two hundred horsemen, who, as their 
custom was (see 17), did with the utmost eagerness all 
the things which he had enjoined upon them. 19. How 
was peace established on these terms.? 20. No longer 
will it be without risk for us to wage war (shall we wage 
war without risk) against those with whom we formerly 
contended. 

LESSON III 

REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS — Conftnr/etf 

1. Possessive Genitive : G. 362 ; 366. A. 343 and b. B. 198 and 3. 
H. 439; 440. HB. 339; 340. Bn. 400-405 ; 408. 

2. Possessive Pronouns: G. 362. Remark i; 309 and i. A. 299; 
302 and a. B. 86. i, 2 ; 243. i and 3. H. 176; 439. Note 4; 440. i, 
Note 2; 503. HB. 339. a; 254-256; 260; 261; 262.1. Bn. 618 ; 
619; 622. 

3. Dative of Possessor: G. 349. A. 373 and Note. B. 190; 359. i. 
H. 430. HB. 374 and a. Bn. 479. 

4. Dative or Ablative: G. 348. A. 364. B. 187. i, a. H. 426. 6. 
HB. 365. b. Bn. 453. 

5. Dative with Adjectives: G. 359. A. 383; 384. B. 192. i, 2. 
H. 434. I, 2. HB. 362. I-HI. Bn. 487. 

6. Dative with Special Verbs : G. 346 and Note 3. A. 367 and a ; 
369. B. 187. II, a, and Note. H. 426. i and Note i, 2 and Note. 
HB. 362 and Footnote 3. Bn. 456. a; 457. 

1 In Latin this will be " commendation was given to the consul." Compare 
this use with that of the passive of verbs taking two accusatives, as in the lat- 
ter part of the same sentence. 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 7 

7. Dative with Compounds: G. 347. A. 370. a, b. B. 187. Ill, i, 
2. H. 429. HB. 376, a. Bn. 464; 465. 

8. Impersonal Use of Passive: G. 208. 2; 217. A. 372. B. 187. 
II, b. H. 426. 3. HB. 290. a, i) ; 364. 2. Bn. 459. 

HINTS 

Genitive and Dative of Possession. The difference 
between these can best be understood from the study of 
examples : 

(Gen. of Possessor) This book belongs to Cicero {is Cicero'^ s), Hie 
liber Ciceronis est. 

(Dat. of Possessor) Cicero had fnany books. Ciceroni multi erant 
libri. 

Dative with Compounds. The rule as generally given is 
most misleading, and true hardly once in ten times. The 
safe way is to note in the vocabulary the usage with each 
verb as it occurs. 

EXERCISE III 

I. Caesar's wife was Julia, the daughter of Pompey. 
2. How many daughters has Pompey } Do these children 
belong to him } 3. He is leading his own army : [it is] 
my soldiers, not his, [that] I am leading across the river. 
4. Two kings, thoroughly-hostile (sup.) to us, are threaten- 
ing this state. 5. The man who does not believe others 
will not be believed [himself]. (Note: This can be well 
rendered by the " inverted relative *' construction, translat- 
ing in the following clause-order : ** who does not believe 
others, to him it will not be believed ''). 6. What man 
have you seen like this [one], who has saved his country, 
always served his fellow-citizens, obeyed the laws, appeased 
public-foes, pardoned private-enemies, [and] been-pleas- 
ing-to all who have been associated (versor, i) with 



8 WRITING LATIN 

him in this enterprise (res) ? 7. We are approaching a 
place which is particularly suitable for a camp. 8. Do 
you desire a revolution ? This indeed (quidem) seems very 
like war. 9. This does not please me at all: to others, 
not to me, is the sight of the enemy pleasant. 10. Are 
not Catiline's sympathizers (those who sympathize with 
Catiline) like Catiline ? (see 5). 11. Citizens, why do you 
favor the Gauls ? They are not like the Romans, nor have 
they ever benefited you. 12. Also, they are nearest to 
the Germans, with whom they no longer are carrying 
on war; these, however, have always done you harm. 
13. We shall resist all who either spare the enemy or 
have-ill-will-f or (envy) the consul ; for otherwise the great- 
est peril will threaten the commonwealth. 14. It will be 
extremely dangerous for you to place this man in command 
(with the highest danger will you place this-one in com- 
mand) of the army, citizens. 15. Gratitude will be felt 
toward the man (is) who does not fail the commonwealth 
(see 5). 16. The man who was trusted by all has been 
presented with citizenship (see 5). 17. They have pre- 
sented the man with citizenship who surrounded the 
enemy's city with his troops (soldiers). 18. I have not 
asked your advice, but I have always looked out for your 
interests and always shall (express by repeating the verb 
"look ouf in the proper tense). 19. Those who have 
never looked out for the welfare of others will not have 
their own welfare looked out for (it will not be consulted 
for. See 5 for order.) 20. Resistance will justly be 
offered (it will rightly be resisted) to those who neither 
obey the laws nor benefit their native land in any other 
manner. 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 9 

LESSON IV 

REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS — Co/zf/ni/ecf 

1. Dative of Purpose ("Object for Which"; "Service"; "Double 
Dative"): G. 356. 2, 3. A. 382. i, 2. B. 191. i, 2. H. 433. i, 2, 
3. HB. 360. a, b; 361. Bn. 483. 

2. Dative of Reference: G. 350-352. A. 376-378. B. 188. i, 2, 
a)-d). H. 425. 2, 4, Note, 432. Bn. 470 ; 473 ; 474. 

3. Place Where: G. 385; 386 and Remark 2; 388; 411 and Re- 
mark I. A. 426. 3; 427. 3, Footnote i, a; 428. d, e. B. 228. i, 
a)-c). H. 483-485. 2. HB. 433; 449 and a. Bn. 588-590; 592; 
594; 606-609; 612. 

4. Time When: G. 393. A. 423. i. B. 230, 1,2; 231. H.486; 
487. HB. 439. Bn. 599; 600. 

5. Extent: G. 335 ; 336. A. 423. 2; 425. B. 181. H. 417. HB. 
387.1,11. Bn. 518; 519. 

HINTS 

Dative of Purpose. The following points should be 
noted : 

{a) The English equivalent for this dative is a predicate 
noun, or an appositive with as, 

(d) The construction is customary in Latin only with a 
limited number of abstract nouns, and appears to be in 
part an attempt to avoid asserting that a concrete noun is 
identical in meaning with an abstract noun. 

Translation of **for.'' When for denotes simply the 
person interested, it may be rendered by the dative, as 

T/ie Sim shmes for all, Sol omnibus lucet. 

When for denotes protection or substitution, use the 
ablative with pro, as 

// is a happy and glorious {fate) to die for one'^s cotintry, Dulce et 
decorum est pro patria mori. 



lO WRITING LATIN 

When for denotes extent, it is, of course, translated by 
the accusative ; but in certain negative expressions the 
ablative is used. Thus, 
I have not seen him for several years ^ Compluribus annis ilium n5n vidi 

Here there is really no idea of extent. The expression 
means " at no time within the space of several years have 
I seen him.*' 

If, however, we had such a sentence as 

They have not yet been three months in Italy ^ 

where the "nof belongs with "three months'' and not 

with the verb "been," the sense would require the 

accusative, 

N5ndum mensis tris in Italia sunt. 

Note in this last example how the present tense is used 
to translate " have been " when accompanied by an expres- 
sion of duration (mensis tris). In the same way 

lam pridem hoc facio 
means 

/ have been doing this for a long time now. 

Some other translations of " for " will be noticed later. 

EXERCISE IV 

I. At that time he was very useful (for a great use) 
both to me and to my brother Quintus. 2. Two legions 
were left that night as a protection to the camp. 3. In 
the river [their] shields were a great inconvenience to the 
soldiers. 4. For many days we did not resist that consul 
whose measures have always been a [means of] safety to 
the state. 5. The cavalry were sent many miles as a 
reinforcement to this legion. 6. That summer he was 
given nothing as a present. 7. In recent years I have 
had him as both a help and a protection. 8. To me, at 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS n 

least, that which has been said seems most charming. 
9. In early spring Orgetorix took upon himself the office- 
of-ambassador to (ad) the states. 10. This (pi.) has 
been done, not for us only, but also for our children. 
II. That which was undertaken by me that winter I 
undertook, Quirites, for your benefit (for you). 12. That 
[man] in early youth waged war against the enemies of 
the Roman people. 13. We staid in that city three 
months. 14. At Rome Cicero once spoke for two hours 
in the senate, which nevertheless did not resist his meas- 
ures. 15. I have not had many conversations with him 
in recent years. 16. In Corinth, a city of Greece, there 
were many beautiful^ statues of the gods. 17. At day- 
break he will speak with the enemy's chief. 18. All 
these things will not be accomplished in one month ; in 
my opinion we shall be in that place for many years. 
19. At Carthage; in Italy; in Sicily; in two days; for 
two days ; in the whole [of] Gaul ; at Capua ; here and 
there in Asia ; in a small town ; for the last twenty years 
(see 7). 20. On that day they traveled (went) thirty 
miles. 

LESSON V 

REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS — Conft>ii/e(f 

1. Limit of Motion : G. 337 and Remarks i, 2, 4 ; 416. i ; 418. i, 2. 
A. 221. 2, a, 12, I, a-c, 22, I ; 426. 2 ; 427. 2 ; 428. c, d. B. 182. i, a), 
b), 2, a, b, 3. H. 418. I, 2, 4; 419. I. HB. 381 ; 450 and b; 457. i. 
Bn. 513-516. 

2. Place Whence. Separation: G. 390. i, 2, 3, Remark; 391 and 
Remark i. A. 401-402. a; 426. i; 427. i; 428. a, e. B. 214. i, 
a)-d), 2, 3; 229. I, a), b), 2. H. 462. 1-4; 463; 464. i, 2; 465. i ; 
HB. 408. I, a, 2, a, 3 ; 409; 410; 411. a; 412; 451 and a. Bn. 528- 
531 (last sentence). 

1 In Latin, " many and beautiful." 



12 WRITING LATIN 

HINTS 

Place and Time. The place to which and the time until 
which are expressed in the same way in Latin, as 

The battle raged till late at nighty Ad multam noctem pugnatum est. 

Similarly, the place from which and the time from which 
have the same construction. 

Translation of "for," continued. When **for" denotes 
the end of motion, it is expressed by the accusative, with 
in or ad if the noun admits it, as 

Caesar left for ] „ \ at once, Statim ] ^_ I Caesar pro- 

■^ ^ [ Rome J ' I Romam J ^ 

fectus est. 

Watch for other meanings of "for'' as the lessons 
proceed, and reread the "Hints" of Lesson IL 

EXERCISE V 

I. During the fourth watch he set out from camp, and 
by (at) the fourth hour arrived at a town belonging-to (of) 
the enemy. 2. There both sides fought fiercely (it was 
fought fiercely by both (pi. of uterque, denoting two groups) 
until the tenth hour. 3. First he left Rome for^ Capua 
and Brundisium ; then, by means of ships, he reached Asia 
from Italy in a short time. 4. From the fifth hour right 
on till evening none of the enemy was seen, nor did 
any one resist our [men]. 5. Then all who had aided 
Caesar in the earlier war returned to him, a circumstance 
which (which thing) was of great advantage (dat.) to the 

1 Remember that not the preposition alone, but the sense of the phrase, 
must be the guide in translating from English. Here, of course, ^* for Capua " 
denotes the limit of motion. 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 13 

general. 6. First the Gauls were ushered into the senate ; 
then the consul asked the senators their opinion about 
them ; finally all were taken under the protection of the 
state. 7. All these were summoned to the senate-house ; 
afterwards, however, they gathered at the consul's home. 
8. From home I came here ; from here (hence) I shall return 
home ; I shall stay at home till evening. 9. From the 
city I went to the country ; I did not stay in the country 
long, but from the country I soon returned to Rome. 
10. In the country how many things charm us ! From 
daybreak until late-at-night all things are perfectly de- 
lightful (sup.) to us. II. There you will be freed from 
all the anxieties which once you had at Rome. 12. Every- 
thing that you once lacked, but which we used-to-have, 
now belongs to you (is now yours), by whom we have been 
robbed of all our possessions (res). 13. This town was 
now without (empty of) those who formerly had defended 
it from the enemy. 14. Everything has been taken 
from me (dat.) by those who always injure all the good. 
15. Soon you will be free from worries: in the country 
everything will charm you. 16. Unperturbed, I have been 
deprived of the (is) things of which all the citizens have 
been robbed. 17. Have not many honors been taken 
from him which once he was most happy to receive (re- 
ceived very gladly).? 18. We had previously been pre- 
sented by Caesar himself with the weapons which were 
surrendered (trado) to him on that occasion. 19. Surely 
you will not (express sicrely . . . not by num) rob us of 
both arms and homes — [us] who never either (neither 
ever) harmed you or (nor) wanted a change of government 
or (nor) were unfriendly to anyone who was friendly to 
you ! 



14 WRITING LATIN 

LESSON VI 

REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS — Con^/ni/e^ 

1. Genitive of Quality (Descriptive Genitive) : G. 365 and Remark. 

A. 345 complete. B. 203. i, a, 2, 5. H. 440. 3. HB. 355. Bn. 421- 

423- 

2. Ablative of Quality (Descriptive Ablative) : G. 400 and Remark 
I. A. 415 complete. B. 224. i. H. 473. 2 and Note 2. HB. 443. 
Bn. 557. 

3. Ablative of Specification (Respect) : G. 397. A. 418. B. 226. 
H. 480. 2, 3. HB. 441. Bn. 556. 

4- Source and Material: G. 395 ; 396. A. 403. i, 2, a, Note i, d. 

B. 215. 1,2. H. 467 ; 469. I, 2 ; 470. I. HB. 406. 4; 413. a, b. Bn. 
532; 533; 539; 420. 

5. Ablative of Cause: G. 408 and Notes 1-3. A. 404. a-c. B. 219. 
I, 2. H. 475. 1-3. HB. 444. a-c. Bn. 546-548. 

HINTS 

Material. The grammars are not all equally clear on 
this point. The following is a safe rule to follow in 
writing. 

The material — the actual "stuff out of which some- 
thing is made — is denoted 

(^) by the ablative with ex, with or without f actus : 

1 . chains of gold^ catenae ex auro ; 

2. chains 77tade of gold^ catenae ex auro factae. 

(^) by an adjective : 

p;olden chains » 1 , . 
J . J, ,,\ catenae aureae. 
chains of gold, J 

The genitive may be used to show that of which some- 
thing is composed or consists, when the word which it lim- 
its denotes quantity^ and when this idea of quantity is 
important; as, 

a host of cavalry, multitudo equitum. 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 15 

Cause. " The ablative denotes the motive from whichy 
or the influence through which (by virtue of which) a thing 
is done" (Madvig). 

When the cause is something external, ob or propter with 
the accusative is usual, as 

The crops were not yet ripe because of the frost s^ Propter frigora 
frumenta matura nondum erant. 

But this distinction is not always observed. 

EXERCISE VI 

I. Archias was descended (born) from very noble stock. 
2. Were not the Belgae, who were almost equal to the Ro- 
mans in courage, descended from the Germans ? 3. That- 
famous silver eagle has been sent on to Faesulae. 4. One 
class is [composed] of those who are overwhelmed with debt. 

5. Shall we not obey Pompey, a man possessing (of) ex- 
traordinary knowledge of warfare (war), unique courage, a 
most illustrious personality, [and] surpassing good-fortune? 

6. For you will very seldom (least often) find a man of this 
kind, Quirites. 7. Who does not remember his voyage 
of forty-nine days ? 8. Trees of every kind were seen on 
that hill. 9. A great quantity of silver and gold was 
abandoned to the Roman soldiers by Mithridates in his 
retreat. 10. The Germans were men of great strength, 
but were they equal to the Romans in strength } 11. The 
trinkets of the women were made of gold and silver. 
12. Women wear golden ornaments; but for men the or- 
naments are swords and spears made of iron. 13. Shall 
not a man of such (is) modest worth (modesty) be left un- 
harmed by the jurors } 14. In these regions he displayed 
(was characterized by) the utmost seriousness, [and] no 
avarice. 15. These men were swayed by their envy of the 



l6 WRITING LATIN 

consul, a man of the highest courage. i6. On account of 
his capacity the highest offices will be bestowed upon him. 
17. For this (which) reason (res), those who rejoiced in 
Catiline's unpatriotic acts-of-robbery (robberies) will all be 
put to death for (propter) their crimes. 18. All who had 
been pardoned were powerfully agitated by these circum- 
stances. 19. Because of the greed of the generals, nobody 
believed them. 20. Those who obey the laws from fear 
are not men of very great courage ; but nevertheless they 
are of service to the country. 

LESSON VII 

REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS — Conftnr/ec? 

1. Comparison: G. 296. Remark i, (a) ; (b) ; 297. 2. A. 406; 407 
and a; 291. a. B. 217. 1-3; 240. i, 2. H. 471 and i ; 498. HB. 
416, a, c, d ; 417. Bn. 541 ; 542 ; 545. 

2. Degree of Difference : G. 403. A. 414. B. 223. H. 479. i, 2, 
3. Bn. 582-584. 

3. Genitive with Adjectives: G. 374. A. 349. a. B. 204. 1-3. 
H. 450; 451. 1,2. HB. 347; 354. Bn. 410; 425. 

4. Genitive with Verbs: G. 376; 377; 378; 381. A. 350. a, b, 
d; 352; 354- a, b; 355. B. 205; 206. i, a, b, 2, a; 208. i, 2, a, b; 
209. I, a, 2; 210; 211. I, a. H. 449; 454. i; 455; 456; 457. HB. 
342; 343; 345; 350; 352. I, 2- Bn. 431 ; 432; 434; 438-444. 

5. Ablative with Dignus and Indignus: G. 397. Remark 2. A. 418. b. 
B. 226. 2. H. 481. HB. 442. Bn. 587. 

HINTS 

Comparison. In writing the following exercise, it will be 
well to express comparisons both with and without quam, 
wherever that is possible. Of course quam must always 
be used when the first of the words compared is in any 
other case than nominative or accusative. Thus, if we 
should try to translate, without using quam, The farmer's 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 17 

horse is larger than that of the physician^ we should have 
Agricolae equus maior est medico; that is, The farmers 
horse is larger than the physician ! 

We must write, therefore, Agricolae equus maior est quam 
medici. 

Notice that the *^that" in the phrase "than that of" is 
not to be expressed in Latin. 

Genitive with Adjectives. Notice that where English 
says skilled in, sharer in, the Latin has skilled of, sharer 
OF. This genitive is not partitive, but objective ; a sharer 
is not part of that which he shares, nor a skillful person of 
that in which his skill is exercised. 

Genitive with Verbs, a. The perfect of memini has the 
force of a present, the pluperfect of a perfect, the future 
perfect of a simple future. 

b. Sentences containing the impersonals paenitet, pudet, 
etc., may be written according to the following models : 

/ repent of this 1 „ • - -x ^ 

, -^ ^ , . \ Hums me paenitet. 

= it repents me of this, J 

The soldiers were ashajned of their \ 

cowardice = it shamed the soldiers \ Milites ignaviae pudebat. 

of their cowardice^ j 

We deeply repented of having done 1 „ ^- . - . _ .^-^ ^ 

,T . -^ \ Hoc f ecisse nos maxime paenitebat. 

this^ J 

c. Master the peculiar construction with the impersonals 
interest and refert. It is both important and easily 
forgotten. 

EXERCISE VII 

I . I shall never forget you, Gaius ; I will always be 
obedient to you. 2. Do you not remember Pompey, 
who was much more experienced in warfare (war) than all 
the commanders of that period (time)? 3. For who was 
like Pompey, or who was his peer (equal to him) at any 



1 8 WRITING LATIN 

time ? — [Pompey] who has engaged-in-conflict with his- 
country's-foe (one word) oftener than any one [else] has 
quarrelled with a personal-enemy. 4. Catiline neither 
repents of his crimes nor is he ashamed [of them]. 5. He 
has been accused of many crimes of which he will never 
be declared guilty. 6. For the judges are much more 
eager for money than covetous of praise. 7. This is a 
little more to your interest than to the praetor's. 8. That, 
however, concerns them less than [it does] you, who are 
Catiline's own, and altogether like (sup.) him ; it does not 
affect us, who have neither been forgetful of the laws nor 
injured the commonwealth in any way. 9. He is full of 
good counsel, [a man] of the highest worth, who never 
forgets the injunctions which have been laid (those things 
which have been enjoined) upon him. 10. The longer 
we who have been charged with the burning of the city 
stay in this place, the greater the danger we shall be in. 
II. These men are equal in [point of] cultivation, but 
Marcus is both five years older than his brother, and much 
braver [than he]. 12. Are not those by whom the 
country has been kept-safe much more worthy of esteem 
than those who have called Catiline their friend ? 13. We 
will not lay all the responsibility on that [man], who has 
never been ashamed of the misfortunes which the citizens 
have suffered through him. 14. He always rendered to 
every man his [due] ; none has been found more just or 
patriotic than he. 15. We shall be glad to surrender 
(gladly shall we surrender) ourselves and all our [posses- 
sions] to a man of such justice, and we shall never (nor . . . 
ever) repent of this act. 16. This spot (place) was not 
more than a mile away from the enemy's camp. 17. In 
the third year he was elected consul by the citizens, who 
deemed him the most deserving of that-high (so great) 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 19 

office. 18. Have you forgotten the offices which were 
bestowed upon you (with which you were affected) by the 
Roman people ? Will you not always remember those by 
whom you were so early raised to the highest position-of- 
authority ? 19. Those who have been pronounced guilty 
of such villainies will suffer (be affected with) the severest 
penalties. 20. This concerns Pompey more than [it 
does] Caesar ; for the former was more than three days' 
journey farther away from that spot than the latter [was]. 

LESSON VIII 

REVIEW OF CASE COUfSTRUCTlO^S— Concluded 

1. Partitive Genitive (Genitive of the Whole) : G. 367 ; 368 ; 369 
and Remark i ; 370 and Remark 2 ; 371 and Remarks 1,2; 372 and 
Remark 2. A. 346. a, 1-4, c-e. B. 201. i, a, b, 2, a, b ; 355. 2, a. 
H. 440. 5; 441 ; 442. 2, 4; 443; 444. I. HB. 346. a, b, c, e. Bn. 
412 ; 414-416; 418. 

2. Alius and Alter: G. 319. A. 315 and a-c. B. 253. i, 2, 3. 
H. 516 and i. HB. 265 ; 279. 1-3. Bn. 729-733. 

3. Superlatives Denoting Order and Sequence: G. 291. Remark 2.. 
A. 293. B. 241. I. H. 497. 4. HB. 244. Bn. 417. 

4. Ablative and Genitive of Price: G. 404; 379; 380. A. 416; 
417 and c. B. 225; 203. 4. H. 478 complete. HB. 427 complete; 
356. Bn. 577; 578. 

5. Ablative with Deponents : G. 407. A. 410. B. 218. i. H. 477. 
I. HB. 429. Bn. 572. 

6. Ablative with Opus and Usus: G. 406. A. 411. B. 118. 2, a, b. 
H. 477. Ill and Note. HB. 430. Bn. 573-575. 

HINTS 

Partitive Genitive (Genitive of the Whole). In general 
this construction, from its similarity to English, offers few 
difficulties. It will, however, be necessary to make a care- 
ful study of the grammar, in order to discover and learn 



20 WRITING LATIN 

certain words which are followed by a genitive in Latin 
contrary to the English usage, such as 

nihil boni, no goodj 
and the like. 

With regard to numerals, it will be best to use the abla- 
tive with ex or de after unus, duo, and tres, even though 
the grammar allows the genitive. This construction should 
also be used with quidam. 

The use with quisque and uterque, and with such adjec- 
tives as medius, reliquus, summus, and extremus, should 
be carefully learned. 

It should be remembered that the plural of mille is fol- 
lowed by a genitive in Latin, although no hint of this is 
given by the form of the English ; thus, while a tlioitsand 
soldiers is mille milites, two thousand soldiers is duo milia 
militum (literally, two tliotcsands of soldiers), 

EXERCISE VIII 

I. A large part of the weapons which the enemy were 
using have not yet been given up (sing.). 2. Three 
thousand soldiers were seen on the top of the hill, some 
of whom fled at once, while (autem) others resisted us. 
3. A thousand horsemen gave-chase-to these, and sur- 
rounded many of them [as they were] floundering in 
a swamp. 4. Only-a-few of these escaped ; but the 
rest resisted our [men] most vahantly until evening. 
5. Then, exhausted by their wounds, all either were killed, 
or surrendered themselves to our men amid the heaps of 
slain (lit. bodies). 6. In the middle of the summer he 
got everything ready which he needed for (ad) this war. 
7. Those supplies (res) of which he had no stock he pur- 
chased from (de) the Aeduans at a high (great) price. 



REVIEW OF CASE CONSTRUCTIONS 21 

8. Soon we shall gain possession of the enemy's camp, 
which is not more than two miles distant from ours. 

9. Some of the conspirators will meet in Marcus Laeca's 
house ; others will await their accomplices at the gates. 

10. Which of these [two men] is the more deserving of 
honor? for each of them (each of whom) is a most cou- 
rageous man, having the highest mental-ability (abl. of 
description), and having received the most flattering atten- 
tions at your hands (affected by your most honorable 
favors)? II. Who of these was the first to need help ? 
12. Which-of-the two leaders required the more sol- 
diers? 13. His characteristics were (there was in him) 
a lack of application (too little diligence) and an excess of 
(too much) daring. 14. The conspirators who have been 
arrested by order of the consul will not enjoy life long. 
15. He who has cruelly murdered so many [of] your fel- 
low-citizens has as yet incurred (suscipio) no punishment 
befitting his crimes. 16. Oh, the glorious renown of my 
consulship ! for I have either slain all our enemies, or 
forced them out of the city into the-life-of brigands (rob- 
bery). 17. Two of the robbers, who were engaged in 
a constant competition for distinction (always contended 
with each other about glory), entered into the house of the 
consul himself, at midnight. 18. I will not be the first 
to enter upon war — [I] who lately was nearly killed in 
my own house (loc). 19. Some fled in (into) one direc- 
tion, others in another. 20. The one has need of friends, 
the other of weapons; but both of them are worthy of 
our friendship. 



22 WRITING LATIN 

LESSON IX 

MOODS IN DIRECT QUESTIONS. COMMANDS. EXHORTA- 
TIONS. PROHIBITIONS 

1. Alternative Questions : G. 458; 459. A. 334; 335. Note, a-d. 
B. 162. 4. H. 380 and i. HB. 234. a. Bn. 372 ; 373 ; 378 ; 379. 

2. The Subjunctive in Direct Questions: G. 259; 265; 558. A. 
444 ; 462. a. B. 277. H. 557 ; 559. 4, 5- HB. 503'-, 5^3- ^ 1 5^5- ^ \ 
517. i; 519. I. Bn. 771; 772. 

3. Imperative: G. 266; 267; 268. i, 2. A. 448. a; 449. i, 2, a. 
B. 281. I, a), b), 2. H. 560. 2, 4. HB. 496. c, d. Bn. 931-933. 

4. Hortatory and Jussive Subjunctive: G. 262. 3. A. 439. Notes 
I and 2, a. B. 274; 275. H. 559. i, 2. HB. 500; 501. 2, 3. Bn. 
768. 

5. Prohibitions: G. 271. 2; 263. 2, (b), 3; 275. A. 450. B. 281. 
2; 276. a, b. H. 561. I. HB. 501. 3, a, i), 2). Bn. 934; 936; 937. 

HINTS 

Questions in the Subjunctive. The mood of the ques- 
tion depends upon the form of the expected answer. 
Questions in the indicative are answerable by a statement 
of fact in the indicative, as 

What does he see ? He sees the enemy. 
Quid videt ? Hostis videt 

Questions in the subjunctive are answerable by an im- 
perative, or a statement of obligation, propriety, or the 

like, as 

What am I to do ? Come here. 
Quid faciam ? Hue venu 

Imperative. Remember never to use the imperative 
mood for prohibitions. For expressing these, noli and 
nolite with the infinitive will be the most useful method. 

There will be practically no occasion to employ the 



MOODS IN DIRECT QUESTIONS 23 

future imperative except in the case of certain verbs like 
memini and scio, where the present form is not in use. 

Review in the Grammar the imperative forms of dico, 
duco, facio, and fero, and their compounds. 

EXERCISE IX 

I. What was the limit of Catiline^s display of inso- 
lence (to what limit did Catiline's daring display itself)? 
2. Said^ the consul: ** Are you more disturbed (perf.) by 
the guard set over the city at night (the city's nocturnal 
guard), or by the people's anxiety ? 3. What was I to 
do ?^ Should I arrest him at once, or let him go ? 4. Who 
could justly have censured me? What else was I to do? 

5. Did the senators display courage and faithfulness in 
their decision (decree courageously and diligently), or not? 

6. Quirites, let us daily protect the city from Catiline's 
madness. 7. Soldiers, follow your general even to the- 
farthest-limit-of Gaul. 8. [My] friends, do not forget 
those who have always both helped you and given you 
pleasure. 9. Never be ashamed of the leniency which 
you have displayed (used). 10. Let not those who are 
thrilled with joy by (ob) this event (res) forget those who 
are correspondingly (equally) plunged in (cast down with) 
woe. II. They are not ashamed to follow their general, 
are they ? 12. Is not this really your army, Pompey ? 
Are not you the general ? I am not mistaken (deceived), 
am I? 13. I was not mistaken, was I, in either the 
day or the place (did either day or place deceive me)? 
All the plans that you had formed I both saw and clearly 

1 To introduce direct quotations, use inquit, placed after one or more words 
of the quoted sentence. The above should begin : Consul " Utrum," inquit, 
*'nocturno praesidio," etc. 

2 Imperfect tense. 



24 WRITING LATIN 

perceived. 14. Shall I not esteem this [man] ? Shall I 
not admire [him] ? Shall I not defend him by every [pos- 
sible] means? 15. Go (set out) into exile, Catiline; 
cease-to-think-of (forget) burning and killing. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Let not merited (true) praise be withheld from Lucullus 
in (by) my speech, nor (neve) undeserved distinctions 
(honors which he has not deserved) be bestowed on Pom- 
pey by any one. First, however, who would not praise 
him ? Next, who would not be glad to elect (would not 
gladly elect) him consul ? Wherefore, Quirites, be obedi- 
ent to my words (to me) and place him in charge of this 
most important enterprise (these so great things). 

LESSON X 

INDIRECT STATEMENTS 

1. Moods in Declarative Sentences in Indirect Discourse: G. 648- 
650. A. 578-580. B. 313; 314. I ; 331. I. H. 641 ; 642. HB. 589; 
591; 592; 533; 534- Bn. 964; 965; 969; 939. 

2. Tense of the Infinitive: G. 530; 531. A. 584. a, b; 569. a. 
B. 270. I, a)-c), 3, a; 317 and a. H. 617-620. HB. 593; 472. a, b, 
c. Bn. 939 ; 942 ; 945 ; 946. 

3. Tense of the Subjunctive : G. 509. i ; 510 and Remark. A. 585 ; 
482. 1,2; 483; 484 complete; 485. b. B. 267. 1-3; 268. 1-3; 269. 
I, 3. H. 542-545- HB. 476; 477; 481 ; 483. Bn. 781 ; 782. 

4. Use of Pronouns in Indirect Discourse : G. 520-522. A. 296 and 
2 ; 300. I, 2, a; 299. a. B. 244. i, I, II, a, 5. H. 645 and i. HB. 
533. a. Bn. 668; 675. 

5. Verbs of Hoping and Promising: G. 423. Remark 5. A. 580. c. 
B. 331. I. H. 619. I. HB. 593. a. Bn. 945. 

6. Present and Imperfect with Expressions of Duration: G. 230; 
234. A. 466 and Note i; 471. b. B. 259. 4; 260. 4. H. 533. i; 
535. I. HB. 485. Bn. 749; 753. 



INDIRECT STATEMENTS 25 

HINTS 

Indirect Discourse. English has two forms of indirect 

quotation : 

(a) We know that this is true^ and 
ip) We know this to he true. 

Latin employs only one of these, the second. Thus, 
Scimus hoc esse verum. 

The easiest and surest way to write sentences of the 
indirect form is to recast them in the form of {b\ above. 
In this way the second sentence of Exercise II becomes 
The consul says himself to be afraid^ etc., 

which can be translated directly into Latin. 

Tense of the Infinitive. The present infinitive of Latin 
must sometimes be used to translate what in English re- 
quires a past tense. Thus, 

He said that he was tired, 

when changed according to the suggestion of the preceding 

paragraph, becomes 

He said hi?nself to be tired, 

which is in Latin 

Dixit se defessum esse. 

To make this still clearer, suppose that we had 

Dixit se defessum fuisse. 

This would be, literally. 

He said himself to have been tired, 

or, in more natural English, 

He said that he had been tired. 

When in doubt, imagine yourself as saying the thing 
which is quoted, heard, etc., and use a present, perfect, or 



26 WRITING LATIN 

future infinitive, according as the time of your verb is 
present, past, or future. Thus, in the first case, the 
speaker must have said 

/ a7n tired^ Def essus sum ; 
while in the second he said 

[ was 1 f eram, 

/ I have been \ tired^ Defessus j fui, 
[ had been J [ f ueram. 

Finally, remember that the signs of the future infinitive 

in Latin are **will," '* would," *' going to," and the like. 

Thus, 

He said that he would coijie^ Dixit se venturum (esse). 

Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses. If the action de- 
scribed occurs AT THE SAME TIME as that of the main verb, 
use the present or imperfect subjunctive, according to the 
sequence ; if it occurs before the time of the main verb, 
use the perfect or pluperfect, according to the sequence. 
The principle involved in cases where the action occurs at 
a later time than that of the main verb is treated in 
Lesson XL 

Verbs of Hoping and Promising. Since promising is a 
kind of telling, and hoping an action of the mind, verbs 
rneaning *' to hope" and *^to promise" are regularly fol- 
lowed by the construction of indirect discourse. And 
since hopes generally and promises always are concerned 
with the future, it is also evident why the future is the 
tense of the infinitive habitually used with such verbs. 

Use with Memini. Memini takes the present infinitive of 
the recollection of a personal experience, as 

/remember his comi?tg^ Memini eum venire. 

Pronouns. In sentences beginning ''He said that he,'' 
** They kiiew that they,''' and the like, the translation of the 



INDIRECT STATEMENTS 27 

second pronoun may be troublesome. If the second pro- 
noun refers to the same person as the first, meaning, *M 
said that A'' '' B knew that B,' etc., the reflexive se must 
be used. If the second pronoun refers to some other 
person, and means "^ said that Xj" ^^ B knew that F," 
etc., use the accusative of is, ea, id or of ille, ilia, illud. 

Thus, 

They said that they woidd not go, 

may be Negaverunt se ituros, 

or Negaverunt ebs ituros. 

The first means that the speakers themselves refused to go ; 
the second, that they reported the refusal of others. 

In general, observe also that in subordinate clauses which 
express the thought, words, or will of the subject of the 
leading verb, se (oir, to avoid ambiguity, ipse), and not ille 
or is, is used to refer to that subject when the verb is in 
the third person. For the reflexive of the first and second 
person, forms of ego and tu must be used. 

EXERCISE X 

I. He denies that he either has failed-in-his duty to the 
commonwealth, or is forming plans against it, or will harm 
the citizens in any way. 2. The consul said that he 
had replied to the ambassadors that the Roman people 
pardoned them and would always be on friendly terms (in 
friendship) with them. 3. The general said, *' I have 
been informed that the enemy's camp will be pitched 
where we formerly pitched our own.'' 4. They promise 
to give the grain which the Roman people has demanded 
of them. 5. We hope either to crush the fellow or to 
check all his attempts and movements. 6. You ire not 
sorry, are you, that the city, which he has long since been 
threatening with destruction, has been rescued from its 



28 WRITING LATIN 

perilous-position (danger)? 7. For a long time now I 
have felt that all that we had said in the meeting would be 
divulged. 8. I have long since known that the soldiers 
would not follow one (is) who they thought had promised 
to arrest Pompey. 9. The scouts bring word that the 
hill which our men had seized the day before is now in the 
possession of (held by) the enemy. 10. He says that he 
remembers that Gnaeus Pompey prepared for this great 
(this so great) war at the end of winter, entered upon it 
in early spring, [and] finished it by (in) midsummer. 
II. They found that all the reports which the envoys 
had brought back (all which the envoys had reported) 
about him were true. 12. For they had reported that 
he understood that our troops were soon going to make an 
attack on the camp which he had pitched on the top of the 
hill. 13. All are both pronounced and considered enemies 
who hope to be kings in a state whose citizens have 
declared that they will never have kings. 14. He said 
that he did not repent of this deed, which he had done with 
good intentions, and that he had never tried to avoid the 
enemy's attack. 15. Shall I believe that any plans which 
you have formed, Catiline, are free from treachery ? or are 
you unaware that I know that you confessed that you 
feigned many things which were afterwards discovered 
to be false .? 

CONNECTED PROSE 

I do admit, Quirites, that I once hoped to be elected 
consul by you ; but now I am not sorry that you have 
replied to me that this did not please you at all. For I am 
not ignorant that at this most-important (tantus) crisis [in 
the fortunes] of the commonwealth, there is need of men 
more skilled in warfare [than I]. 



INDIRECT QUESTIONS AND COMMANDS 29 

LESSON XI 
INDIRECT QUESTIONS AND COMMANDS 

1. Subjunctive in Indirect Questions: G. 460. i, (a), (b) ; 461; 
467 and Remark 2. A. 573; 574. B. 300. i, a, Note, b), 2, 3, 4, a. 
H. 649. II, 1-3; 650. I, 2; 651. I. HB. 537. b, c, d, i), 2). Bn. 
846-848; 853. 

2. Sequence of Tenses, Continued: G. 511 ; 514. A. 575 and a, b. 
Review references under Lesson X for the other grammars. 

3. Commands in Indirect Discourse: G. 652. A. 588 and a, Notes. 
B. 316 and a. H. 642. 4, 5. HB. 538. Bn. 977. 

4. First Periphrastic Conjugation: G. 514. Rule I (b) ; 515. 
Rule II. A. 575. a, b. B. 269. 3. H. 531 ; 649. II, i. HB. 470. 4, 
a. Bn. 794. 

HINTS 

Indirect Questions. English usually employs no auxil- 
iary, such as sJioidd or might, to suggest the subjunctive 
which is necessary in turning indirect questions into Latin. 
Sometimes the beginner confounds indirect questions 
with relative clauses. Remember that indirect questions 
{a) must be introduced by some interrogative word, and 
{b) are substantive clauses, being either the subject or the 
object of some verb of the class described in the grammar 
(rarely appositive). Thus, 

Subject : What you did \ zvas seen,, 
Quid faceres | visum est. 

Object : We saw \ what you didy 
Vidimus | quid faceres. 

Sequence of Tenses. Note the following points : 
{a) In any given dependent clause which takes the sub- 
junctive, only TWO tenses are possible. The problem is to 
determine which one of these we shall use. 

{b) In writing indirect questions, the tense used in Eng- 
lish is a sufficient guide, with one exception. 



30 WRITING LATIN 

Thus, 

[laughs (a) ] ._ .,_,., 

, ^ ^ , . r. 7 7-7 7 • /A\ L nescio quid rideat (pres. 

(i) /do not know why he \ ts laughing {b) \ ? ^^ ^^ 

\does laugh (c) J •'*^ ' 

(2) / ^/<3f not know why he was laughing^ nescivi quid rideret (impf. 

subj.) ; 

I laughed (a) \ 

7 7 7 ^ /L\ nescio quid riserit 
has laughed {p) J ? ?- , . . . 

was laughing {c) J ^^ * -^'^ ' 
(4) / did not know why he had laughed^ nescivi quid risisset (plup. 
subj.). 

In sentence {c) of the third form we must be on our 
guard against using the imperfect subjunctive; the per- 
fect being the tense which is normally used to express 
past time when the main verb is primary. 

First Periphrastic. This form must be used when the 
indirect question inquires what will or would be the case. 

Note, however, that if this question be really deliberative, 
that is, asks what one is to or was to do, the simple present 
or imperfect subjunctive is sufficient, as in Sentence 4 of 
the following exercise. 

Note carefully the various English equivalents for the 
periphrastic future. Thus, 

Interrogavi quid facturus esses 
were going to do, 
were about to do, 
were likely to do, 
intended to do, 
. would do, etc. 



might mean I asked what you 



EXERCISE XI 

I. First he asked me whence I came and whither I was 
bound (setting out) ; then of what I was in search (what I 
sought); finally the names of both my father and my 



INDIRECT QUESTIONS AND COMMANDS 31 

mother. 2. Let us not reveal to any one what things our 
general lacks, nor what we have overheard, nor by what 
method we intend to overpower Catiline. 3. Think from 
how many and how great dangers the consul has saved 
the commonwealth, which you know a single (one) night 
nearly destroyed. 4. Then you will more easily deter- 
mine whom you shall place in command of this (so) great 
war. 5. I do not know whom they are going to place in 
command of this war which is being made on us and our 
tributaries. 6. **A certain [man],'' said Cicero, '* asked 
Catiline whether the expressions on the faces (faces and 
expressions) of the senators did not disturb him at all 
(moved him nothing).'' 7. But these cried out that Cati- 
line was his country's bane, and should go from the city 
at once. 8. I believe that he wholly forgot whether the 
senate had decreed this, or not. 9. I replied to the 
soldiers that it was not yet time for battle, [and] that they 
should stay (hold themselves) in camp (abl. without in). 
10. Tell me, Cicero, how numerous and how important 
[the] states [are which] have united on account of (causa) 
this war. 11. The consul said, ** I know well, Quirites, 
both what opinion you hold concerning me, and what you 
ordain for others." 12. He said that the citizens should 
depart to their homes, and protect them by guards and 
patrols just as on the past night. 13. He said that their 
dwellings would be protected by the man (ille) who not 
once only, but again and again, at the greatest risk to him- 
self (at his own very great risk), had rescued the city from 
[the hands of] those who had hoped to gain possession 
of it. 14. For he was waiting-to-see if any one would 
resist them, and (or) what plan the enemy were forming. 
15. The conspirators did not know whether the city 
would have an adequate (enough) guard, or not. 



32 WRITING LATIN 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Some asked the consul what he had done about these 
matters, and what they themselves should do. To these 
(to whom) he replied that they should return to their homes, 
which he would render safe by the measures he should 
take, his strenuous endeavors, and the risks he should run 
(his measures, labors, risks). 

LESSON XII 

PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL PASSIVE. GERUND AND 
; GERUNDIVE. SECOND PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 

1. Personal and Impersonal Passive: G. 528. A. 330. a, i, 2, b, i. 
B. 332. a)-d) and Note. H. 611. i, 2, and Notes. HB. 590, com- 
plete. Bn. 958, 959. 

2. Gerund: G. 425 ; 426. A. 502. B. 338. 1-5. H.624. HB.611 
complete; 612 complete. Bn. 1003-1005. 

3. Gerundive : G. 427 and Remarks 4 and 5 ; 428 and Remarks 
I and 2; 429, 430-433- A. 503 and a; 504. b, c; 505-507. B. 339. 
1-5 ; 7 ; 337- 8, b), 2), 7. H. 623 and i ; 625 ; 626. 1-3 ; 628-631. 
HB. 609; 610; 612, complete; 613, complete ; 614. Bn. 1005; 1009; 
ion ; 1013 ; 1014. 

4. Passive Periphrastic Conjugation : G. 251. i, 2. A. 158. d, i ; 194. 
b; (196); 500.2; 372 (see the last example). B. 115; 337. 8, b), i). 
H. 621. I, 2. HB. 162; 600. 3, a. Bn. 1000; looi. 

5. Dative of the Agent: G. 355 and Remark. A. 374. a, Note i. 
B. 189. I, a. H. 431 and I, with the Footnote. HB.373. i. Bn. 480 ; 
481. 

HINTS 

Compound Infinitives. Remember that after the personal 
passive, a compound infinitive form (future active or per- 
fect passive) is put in the nominative, agreeing with the 
subject of the leading verb. Otherwise, of course, it would 
agree with its own subject accusative. Thus, 



PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL PASSIVE 33 

(Personal) They are said to have tried {It is said that they tried) 

Dicuntur conati esse. 
(Impersonal) // was said that they had tried {They were said to 
have tried) ^ 

Dictum est eos conatos esse. 

The reason is that, in the personal construction, the 
infinitive is really complementary ; and therefore the par- 
ticiple, like other adjectives with the complementary infini- 
tive, is in the nominative case. 

Verbals in -ing. Distinguish between the English pres- 
ent participle, which is an adjective, and the gerund or 
'* infinitive in -ing,'' which is a noun ; thus, 

Participle : a bird flying^ avis volans. 
Gerund : the power of flying^ potestas volandi. 

Gerund and Gerundive. It will be safest to write the 
gerundive rather than the gerund wherever the verb is 
transitive and the object expressed. 

Gerundive with Special Verbs. The use of the gerundive 
in agreement with the object of such verbs as do, tribuo, 
euro, etc., to express purpose can be readily understood by 
attention to the literal rendering, although the English is 
awkward. Thus, 

Agios iis colend5s dedit 

is literally, He gave them fields to-be-tilled^ 
that is, He gave t he fn fields to till. 

Genitive with Causa, Remember that causa and gratia 
must always follow the genitive. This genitive denotes 
the end m view ; therefore when the cause is not some- 
thing to be accomplished, but is an established basis for 
action, it is expressed by ob or propter, or by the ablative 
of cause. 



34 WRITING LATIN 

Second Periphrastic. The English sentence must be 
recast in the passive form; thus, 

English Latin 

/ 7mist do these thiiig's 1 ^, ^ • , , ., . 

^, , , . t r » r \ Haec facienda sunt mihi. 

= These things are to be done by 7ne^ j 

This would also be the translation for 

/ have to do thisj or / should do this. 

Notice that when the verb is transitive, the gerundive 
agrees with the subject of the passive, as facienda with 
haec above. When intransitive, the neuter singular is used 
(impersonal construction) ; as, 

/ 7nust speak of Pompey^s 7natchless prowess^ De eximia Pompei virtute 
mihi est dicendz/m. 

EXERCISE XII 

I. Some supposed that Catiline had formed plans for 
destroying the whole world with fire and sword. 2. Many 
are said to have escaped from Rome for the sake of their 
own preservation (of preserving themselves). 3. The 
place seemed to be suitable for pitching camp. 4. It was 
said that they had escaped by fastening ships together. 

5. I must pass over these [points] in my speech (in speak- 
ing) [as] belonging too much to the past (too ancient). 

6. Should not all who are truly patriotic obey the laws } 

7. He said that those who had formed a plan to overthrow 
(for overthrowing) the laws must be restrained by imprison- 
ment (prison) and chains. 8. His most distinguished 
grandfather, a man of consular rank and full of good 
sense, whose friendship I long enjoyed (whom I long used 
[as] a friend) replied that not even a tribune of the plebs 
ought to be set free if he had (who had) conspired against 
the general welfare (safety of all). 9. Two-days are 



INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT AND AS OBJECT 35 

deemed sufficient for completing these arrangements (res). 
10. The consul said, '* We must rescue the city from the 
jaws of death." 11. A new legion had to be enrolled in 
Nearer Gaul in order to (ad) put down this insurrection. 

12. He has had a bridge built (facio) over (in) the river. 

13. Let no observance (let not any thing) be omitted 
which may tend (subj.) to appease the gods. 14. The 
consul said that Lentulus had assigned him to Cethegus to 
butcher, the other citizens, to Gabinius to kill, [and] 
the whole [of] Italy to Catiline to ravage and plunder. 
15. Let us stay here for the purpose of resisting the 
gladiators. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

The same night it is said that two Roman knights 
promised to go to the consul's house at dawn for the pur- 
pose of killing him (ipse). Catiline gladly gave them this 
permission (to whom Catiline gladly intrusted this), for no 
one had resisted his designs so vigorously as (quam) [had] 
Cicero. 

LESSON XIII 

INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT AND AS OBJECT. LICET. 
OPORTET. NECESSE EST 

1. Infinitive as Subject: G. 422. A. 452. i. B. 327. i. H. 615. 
HE. 585. a, b, d; 597. i, a). Bn. 948. 

2. Infinitive as Object (Complementary) : G. 423. i, 2. A. 456 and 
Note. B. 328. I, 2. H. 607. I, 2. HB. 586. a; 587; 588. Bn. 951. 

3. Gender of the Infinitive : G. 20. Ill; 422. A. 33. B. 15. 3. 
H. 70. HB. 58. 3. Bn. 59. 

4. Licet, NecesseEst, Oportet: G. 553. 4; 535. A. 331. i, Notes i, 
3; 332. a, 2. B. 295. 6, 8; 327; 330. H. 564. II, i, 615. HB. 502. 
3, c; 513.5; 531-2; 585. Bn. 462; 828; 948. 



36 WRITING LATIN 

HINTS 

Difference between Latin and English Uses of the Infin- 
itive. By analyzing sentences containing the English 
infinitive we find it has the following uses : 

[ Subject of a verb, To do this \ is folly. 
I. Noun use. I Object of a verb, I like \ to read. 

[ Apposition, This is pleasant^ \ tofindyou at home. 
Modifies a verb, We came \ toseeyoii. 
Modifies an adjective. This is easy \ to do. 
Modifies a noun or pronoun, Soj?ie books are to 
he tasted. 



2. Adverb use. 

3. Adjective use. 



In classical Latin prose the infinitive is, generally speak- 
ing, used only as a noun. 

Infinitive as Subject. It should be remembered that the 
verbal noun in -iitg is often used in English in place of the 
subject-infinitive proper. Thus, 

Dulce est ndere 

may be the equivalent of either 

(//) is pleasant to laugh, 
or To laugh is pleasant, 
or Laughing is pleas a^it. 

Infinitive as Object. Because of the confusion between 
certain infinitive and subjunctive constructions in Latin, it 
is desirable to memorize the subjoined list of common verbs 
which regularly take an infinitive as their object or com- 
plement. Most of these are required in the exercise which 
follows : 

V0I5, wish, be willing. consuesco, beco?ne accustomed. 

nolo, not wish, be unwilling. soleo, be accustonied, be used. 

cuyib, desire. statiio 1 , , . , ., 

-,_ . ^ _ ,.^ _ \ determine, decide, 

malo, prefer. constituo J 

possum, can, be able. cogo, compel. 

debeo, ought. aude5, dare, venture. 



INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT AND AS OBJECT 37 



dubito, hesitate. 

par5, prepare^ 7nake ready, 

Conor, try^ attejupt, 

incipio, begin, 

coepi, began. 

prohibeo, prevent. 



cease ^ stop. 



desisto 

desino 

iubeo, bid^ command. 

y^to, forbid. 

sino, permit, allow. 

patior, suffer, permit. 



Auxiliary Verbs. Subjoined is a table of the most usual 
modes of rendering May, Can, Must, and Ought in Latin, 
(i) May (denoting /^r;//m/d7;/ or freedom to perform ^.n 
act): 

[ {a) Te hoc facere | licet. 
Yoti may do this. \ (b) Tibi | hoc facere | licet. 
y (c) Hoc facias | licet. 

In {a\ te is the subject of facere. In {b\ tibi is the indi- 
rect object of licet. In (<;), hoc facias is the subject of licet. 

(2) Can : 

You can do this. Hoc facere potes. 

(3) Must: 
(a) Hoc tibi faciendum est. 
,,. [ I . Te hoc facere 



You must do this. 



ic) 



Hoc facias 
Te hoc facere 
Tibi hoc facere 
Hoc facias 



oportet. 



necesse est. 



These do not mean precisely the same thing : {a) denotes 
that something is to be done, {b) that the given action is Jit- 
ting under the circumstances, {c) that it is inevitable, 

(4) Ought: 



You ought to do this. 




Hoc facere debes. 

1. Te hoc facere 

2. Hoc facias 



oportet. 



Of these, {a) denotes moral obligation ; while {b\ as in 
(3), denotes what is fitting under the circumstances. 



38 WRITING LATIN 

Past Tenses. Remember that with the verbs just men- 
tioned the PRESENT tense of the infinitive must be used, 
only the auxiliary being put in the perfect tense. Thus, 

1(a) Hoc facere dehuistu 

. f I. Te hoc facere 1 

^ ^ I 2. Hoc faceres J 
He could have gone^ Ire potuit^ etc. 

EXERCISE XIII 

I. Cannot the walls of a private house keep the words 
of the conspirators (conspiracy) secret } 2. The wise are 
in the habit of doing (are wont to do) not what they desire, 
but what they can. 3. Ought that [man] to be put to 
death through whose efforts we have lately been freed 
from fear.'^ 4. How exceedingly I think they are to be 
feared, you may appreciate from this (hence). 5. He 
wants to be just; we know that he would rather pardon 
[them] all than force any one to be dragged to [his] death. 
6. He ought not to have hesitated to start, for with our 
help he could easily have resisted the robbers. 7. He 
thought that he ought to go to Manlius at (to) Faesulae, 
for he had heard that he had forbidden any one to approach 
the city. 8. I will not permit, I will not suffer those who 
ought to have left the city long ago by command of the 
consul to remain in order to (ad) destroy the common- 
wealth. 9. He had made up his mind to give up (cease 
from) this attempt, for he realized that he could not with- 
out danger attain that [end] which he nevertheless most 
madly desired. 10. It is permissible for me to do many 
things which nevertheless I see should not be done ; for a 
just and patriotic man wishes to obey not only the laws 
but the gods also. 11. Whether you wish this or do not 
wish it, it is inevitable that what-you-possess (ista) be 



PURPOSE AND RESULT 39 

resigned to some fugitive-slave or gladiator. 12. Is it 
not easier to seem good than to be good ? 13. It is not so 
hard, is it ? to command others to be good as to try to do 
these same things ourselves. 14. I am not now beginning 
to do the work; for many years I have been doing (pres.) 
this same thing which you have lately begun, and of which 
you ought to have made a beginning long ago. 15. We 
both dare and are ready to attempt everything which brave 
and patriotic men may honorably do. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

In the senate at Rome one of the senators said that he 
had never (denied that he had ever) tried to harm the 
commonwealth. He further said both that it could not be 
harmed at all by him (nothing could be harmed to it by 
himself), and that it was much easier for one (aliquis) to 
charge others with doing a wrong than to be just and 
brave himself. Some, however, thought that he ought not 
to have said this (pL). 

LESSON XIV 

PURPOSE AND RESULT. ATTRACTION. SUPINES 

1. Clauses of Purpose (Final Clauses) : G. 545 ; 630. A. 529-531. 
B. 282. I, a, d, 2. H. 568. 2, 6; 590. HB. 502. 2, a-c. Bn. 812; 815. 

2. Clauses of Result (Consecutive Clauses) : G. 552. i, 2. A. 537. 
I, a, c; 538. B. 284. I, 2; H. 570; 571. i, 2, 3. HB. 513. 4; 5i9- 
3; 521. 2. Bn. 818-820. 

3. Sequence of Tenses : G. 509. i; 510; 512; 513. A. 482. 1,2; 
483; 485. c. B. 267. 1-3; 268. 1,6. H. 542; 543; 550- HB. 476; 
477; 478 (third example under the Subjunctive). Bn. 781 ; 785. 

4. Subjunctive by Attraction (Integral Part): G. 508. 4; 629. 
A. 593. B. 324. I, 2. H. 652. HB. 539. Bn. 905. 

5. Accusative Supine : G. 435. A. 509. B. 340. i, a. H. 633. 
HB. 618 Bn. 1015. 



40 WRITING LATIN 

6. Ablative Supine: G. 436. 2. A. 510. Notes i and 2. B. 340. 
2, a, b. H. 635. I, 2. HB. 619. I and Note i. Bn. 1017. 

HINTS 
Purpose Clauses in English. In the sentence 
He left all to save his country ^ 

notice that to save 

(a) is adverbial, modifying left, and 

(d) may be replaced by a clause beginning " in order 
that/' without affecting the sense. Thus, 

He left all in order that he might save his country^ 
which becomes in Latin, 

Omnia reliquit ut patriam servaret. 

This furnishes a test by which to distinguish the Eng- 
lish infinitive expressing purpose from other uses of the 
infinitive. Remember that the infinitive must not be used 
to express purpose in Latin. 

Relative Clauses of Purpose. The difference between 
a purpose clause introduced by a conjunction and one 
introduced by a relative is largely a matter of emphasis. 
Thus, if we analyze these two ways of expressing He sent 
a certain ma7i to fire the town^ we get 

(a) Quendam misit 

\ ut oppidum incenderet, 
and {b) Quendam misit 



\ 



qui oppidum incenderet. 



In {a^ ut . . . incenderet is adverbial, modifying and so 
emphasizing misit. In {b) qui . . . incenderet is adjec- 
tival, modifying and so emphasizing quendam. In (^) the 



PURPOSE AND RESULT 4I 

dependent clause merely tells us what the purpose was in 
sending. In (J?) we think of the purpose in close connec- 
tion with the one who was to carry it out. In general, the 
relative form is more common when the purpose can be 
referred to an antecedent in this way. 

Negative Clauses. As a negative purpose clause must 
be introduced by ne, the English cannot always be literally 
translated as it can be in negative clauses of result. Com- 
pare the following : 

Result ' Purpose 

thai no one . . . . ut nemo ... ne quis . . . (literally, lest any one^ . 

that nothing . . . ut nihil ... ne quid . . . (literally, lest anythiiig) . 

that never . . . . ut numquam ne umquam (literally, lest ever) . 

that nowhere . . . ut nusquam ne usquam (literally, lest anywhere) . 

Quo. Do not forget that purpose clauses containing a 
comparative are regularly introduced by quo. Thus, 

He said this, the more easily to escape bla^ne, 

Haec dixit, quo facilius culpam vitaret (literally, whereby he 7night more 
easily escape bla?ne). 

Sequence of Tenses. We are familiar with this in Eng- 
lish. For instance, we say 

/ do this that I may help you, 
but / did this that I might help you. 

It is easy to master the restrictions which Latin places 
on the use of the tenses of the subjunctive by observing 
how they are used in each construction. Thus : 

Clauses of purpose use only two tenses — present and 
imperfect. 

Clauses of result use three commonly, — present, imper- 
fect, and perfect, — the last of these without regard to the 
usual law that it must follow only principal tenses. 



42 WRITING LATIN 

Subjunctive by Attraction. This construction is not so 
mysterious as it seems. Precisely as many people say 
^' those kind of things " instead of the grammatically correct 
^' that kind of things," because the word "things" comes 
into their minds before the word " kind," so when one sets 
out to use a clause containing a subjunctive, he will often 
half unconsciously put in the subjunctive the verb of some 
other clause which is intimately connected in thought with 
the original clause. But this was not by any means an 
invariable rule ; the mood of the speaker determined the 
mood of the verb. 

It should also be remembered that many subjunctives 
referred to the principle of ** attraction " are better ex- 
plained as indirect discourse. 

EXERCISE XIV 

I. He rushed out of the senate-house to escape [from] 
those who wished to lay violent hands on him. 2. We 
must make war on Mithridates, so that that wicked [man] 
may not deprive our tributaries of [their] liberty. 3. Am- 
bassadors were sent to Caesar to ask for aid, and-he (use 
rel.) was so touched by their entreaties that they were en- 
abled to gain every [favor] that they asked. 4. Quirites, 
[for] our generals so to be engaged among the allies and for- 
eign nations as to (that they) have no thought (consider 
nothing else) except about glory and the public interests is 
not an easy [thing] to do. 5. It is hard to say how we 
are hated by foreign nations on account of the outrageous 
conduct (outrages) of those whom we have sent to them in 
recent years with a general's authority. 6. It is hard to 
say whether Catiline set out for Faesulae in order to take 
the place of Manlius, or to escape the severity of the laws. 
7. With your eyes and ears, Quirites, observe these proofs 



PURPOSE AND RESULT 43 

of the crime, for they are (which are) so clear that now it 
seems that not men but the immortal gods brought them 
to our notice. 8. The conspirators did not think that 
they were safe within the city's defenses, nor (not) within 
the walls of a private house, where (whither) they had 
gathered so that the night might be able to conceal their 
infamous assemblies by its darkness. 9. Now change 
that purpose of yours, Catiline, that no one may be able to 
know how many times you have aimed at the consul's life. 
10. The city is protected by such strong (tantus) guards 
that no one can go out or in without the order of the con- 
sul. II. The guards will watch faithfully, so that no 
harm can be done (nothing can be harmed) to the city by 
depraved citizens. 12. They watched so faithfully that 
neither Catiline's madness nor the cruelty of Lentulus 
could do any harm (harm anything) to the city. 13. Soon 
with all his forces he will set out from that camp at 
Faesulae for Rome, in order to (ad) set the temples and 
dwellings of the city on fire with torches, to lead the 
women and children into slavery, [and] to lay waste the 
whole commonwealth with fire and sword. 14. [It is] 
for the purpose of checking these designs [that] I have 
come here, so that (quo) you may be the better able to 
resist those desperate [men]. 15. He hopes to institute 
(make) such a massacre that no one will be left even to 
tell of the ruin of this great and powerful nation (so great 

a power). 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Those who had won in this fight (abl. of means) behaved 
so that it was hard to tell whether the survivors dreaded 
their prowess or esteemed their humanity the more. For 
they had not come into these parts (regions) to exercise 
their authority cruelly, but to restore peace. 



44 WRITING LATIN 

LESSON XV 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES WITH UT AND NE 

1. Substantive Clauses of Purpose (Final Clauses) : G. 544. II ; 546. 
I, 2, Remarks 2, 3 ; 548; 549. A. 560; 561. a; 563. a, b, i, 2, c-e; 
558. b. B. 294; 295. 1-5, a; 296. i. H. 563; 564. I, II; 565. 1-5; 
566; 568. 2, 6-8. HB. 502. 2, b, 3, a. Bn. 821 ; 825-827. 

2. Substantive Clauses of Result (Consecutive Clauses) : G. 553. i, 
(2), 3, 4. A. 568 and Note i ; 569. i. B. 297, complete. H. 594. II ; 
595.1,2; 596.2. HB. 517. 3;^ 519. 4, a; 521.3,3). Bn. 841-843. 

3. Substantive Clauses of Fear: G. 550. i, 2. A. 564. B. 296. 2. 
H. 567. I, 2. HB. 502. 4. Bn. 838 ; 839. 

HINTS 

Substantive Clauses of Purpose. Review the list of verbs 
which may be followed by an infinitive, given in Lesson 
XIII.^ Then learn the following list of very common 
verbs which require the subjunctive with ut or ne. 

peto, ask (request or demand). hortor, urge^ encourage* 

postulo, ask (as a right). mone5, advise^ warn, 

quaero, ^i"/^ (inquire). persuadeo, /^r^^^^^. 

rogo, ask (in any way). impero, com7nand. 

It should be remembered that these lists are typical, not 
complete. Furthermore, there are verbs in each list which 
sometimes are followed by other constructions than those 
indicated. 

Double Use of the Same Verb. Verbs often take different 
constructions according to their meaning. Thus, 

I persuaded them to leave is Illis persuasi ut discederent ; 

but I persuaded them that he had left is Illis persuasi eum discessisse. 

In the first case, to leave is in the subjunctive because 
it expresses something willed or intended ; in the second 
case, / persuaded them means / convinced them, that is. 



SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 45 

made them believe^ and so is followed by the infinitive of 
indirect discourse. 

EXERCISE XV 

I. The outcome was that the soldiers preferred to return 
to the place (thither) whence they had come [rather] than 
to advance farther. 2. From these circumstances it 
came to pass that the people were afraid that the slaves 
who favored Catihne's cause (pi. of res) would be aroused 
to [the point of making] war. 3. Those who seemed 
to fear that the consul would not have a sufficient force to 
(ad) accomplish these ends (things) were told that they 
had very little cause for alarm (that they should be alarmed 
very little). 4. It was replied that he had not yet been 
induced to do what (that which) was in harmony with the 
principles of the ancients. 5. Will he be able to bring 
his mind to the point of going (to go) into exile "i Will he 
not be afraid that as an exile he may die among strangers } 
— that they will not even bury one (is) whom they have 
always looked upon as (deemed) an enemy } 6. These 
were instructed to be obedient to the consul. 7. They 
were likewise instructed that the consul was aiding, watch- 
ing, providing for the commonwealth, so that they might 
be unable (neg. with possum) to do it any (quid) harm. 
8. The senate decreed that the consuls should look to it 
that the commonwealth should suffer no harm (not take 
anything of harm). 9. This is the advice he gave me 
(this he advised me) : not to be afraid that he would not 
have the city defended. 10. Be sure to play (be) the 
man, that you may not appear cowardly. 11. The prae- 
tor urged the people to place Pompey in command of this 
important (this so great) war, and not (neve) to make the 
mistake of honoring any one with so great an office who 
was neither worthy of respect nor well qualified for the 



46 WRITING LATIN 

conduct of (ger.) a war. 12. It happened that no one 
could persuade him that this civil war amounted to (was) 
anything. 13. I do not command you to go into exile, 
but I should like (subj. of volo) to recommend this to you. 
14. One class of the conspirators, which was burdened 
with debt, he reminded of their danger, and urged them 
for the future to avoid the suspicion of crime. 15. I 
beseech you to do what your representatives promised me 
you would do. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

The senate decreed that all who in any place (every- 
where) had been Catiline's accomplices should be reckoned 
as (deemed) enemies, and that no one should be pardoned 
who had been declared guilty of the murder of citizens. 
From this (which things) it came to pass that the number 
of those who were taking refuge in (fleeing to) Manlius* 
camp was increasing day by day. 

LESSON XVI 

QUIN AND QUO MINUS. CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC 

1. Clauses of Characteristic : G. 631. i, 2, Remark. A. 537. 2, Notes 
535. a, Notes i, 2, b. B. 283. i, 2, 4; 282. 3; 284. 2. H. 591. i, 2 
4, 5, 7. HB. 513. 3 ; 515. 2 ; 517. 2 ; 519. 2 ; 521. i, a, b, c Bn. 798 

2. Quin and Quo minus: G. 547 ; 548. Note 2 ; 549 ; 554 ; 555. i, 2 
556. A. 558. a, b; 559. B. 283. 4; 284. 3; 295. 3; 298. H. 595 
I, 2j 4; 568 and 8. HB. 502. 3, b) ; 519. 4, b) ; 521. i, 2, 3, b) 
Bn. 802 ; 829 ; 832-834. 

HINTS 

Verbs of Hindering and Refusing. Latin sometimes re- 
gards a clause dependent on such a verb as final, some- 
times as consecutive. For practical purposes, follow this 
rule: 



CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC 47 

{a) If the verb of hindering is not negatived, use ne or 
quo minus with the subjunctive. 

(b) If the verb of hindering is negatived, use quo minus 
or quin with the subjunctive. Thus, 

{a) I will hinder you \ (0 Te impediam ne id facias. 

from doing that, . ^^^ xe impediam 
(J)) 1 will not hinder f (3) Te non impediam ' 

you from doing \ 

that^ \^ (4) Te non impediam quin id facias. 

Similarly, 

{a) They refused to \ (0 Reciisaverunt ;ze vem-rent. 
^^''^^' I (2) Recusaverunt 



> quo minus id facias. 



r j^ \ ^r- - - - . ( quo minus venirent. 
(d) They did not re- f (3) Non recusaverunt j 

fi^se to come, j^ ^^^ j^^^ reciisaverunt qmh venirent. 

Clauses of Characteristic. In deciding whether to use 
the indicative or subjunctive in a relative clause, the first 
thing to consider is the antecedent. Subjoined is a list 
of the antecedents most commonly accompanied by a rela- 
tive clause with the verb in the subjunctive. The general 
distinction between relative clauses which take the indica- 
tive and those which take the subjunctive will appear from 
the following : the sentence 

Non is est qui civitati insidiatur, He is not the mail who is plotting 
against the state, 

means merely that on this particular occasion this man is 
not a conspirator ; but 

Non is est qui civitati insidietur. He is not the 77ian to (who would) 
plot against the state, 

means more — that not only is this man not at present a 
conspirator, but that he does not belong to the conspirator 
class. 



48 WRITING LATIN 

It will be safest, until you are very familiar with the 
construction, to restrict your use of such clauses to those 
which correspond with the following list. 

Typical Clauses of Characteristic 



I suitable 
worthy 
unworthy 



to receive 
honor, 



1 . Idoneus ] est qui 

2. Dignus \ honore 

3. Indignus J adficiatur. 



2 and 3 may also be translated worthy (jmworthy) of receiving honor . 
This is worth hearing would be Hoc dignum est quod audiatur. 

(d) There are \ \ who say this is unjust^ 

Sunt qui dicant hoc iniustum esse. 

I «"' t'"^ 1 credant. 



Nemo est 
Nulll sunt 



(d) Those disagreements were such that they were settled by the mas- 
sacre of citizens, lUae dissensidnes erant eius modi quae (ut) internecidne 
civium diiudicatae sint. 

(e) He was the only one who could not be persuaded, 

_? "^ I erat cut persuader! n5n posset. 
2. Unus J 

(/) W^o '^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^'^^ ^^^ country ? Quis est qui patriam 
non amet (quin patriam amet) ? 

Other forms will be recognized by their general similar- 
ity to the above types. 

The First Periphrastic Conjugation. As has been al- 
ready noticed (Lesson XI), this combination of the future 
participle with forms of the verb sum is used instead of a 
simple future to denote intention, probability, and the like. 

In the subjunctive, this construction will be found chiefly 
in the following cases : 



CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC 49 

(i) After negative expressions of doubt ; as, 

N5n erat dubium quin victUrl essent, 

There was no doubt that they would (were going to) win, 

(2) In indirect questions ; as, 

Interrogavi quid facturus esses, 

I were going to do, 
would do, 
intended to do, etc. 

(3) In subordinate clauses in indirect discourse ; as. 

Credo praemium quod dux militi daturus sit magnum esse, 
/ believe that the reward which the general will give the soldier 
is a large one. 

In substantive clauses of fear, clauses of purpose, and 
most other subjunctive constructions, the fact that the sub- 
junctive expresses an act as willed or intended is enough, 
with the aid of the context, to express futurity without the 
aid of this construction. The first periphrastic is, there- 
fore, an ** emergency " construction, only to be used when 
the meaning would not otherwise be clear. 

EXERCISE XVI 

I. There is no doubt that he will not go with me. 
2. I have already refused this, and I shall certainly always 
refuse to try to prevent those from returning home who do 
not wish to advance with us. 3. In fact there are those 
who still believe that Catiline hates Manlius and is hated 
by him. 4. No one could hinder them from confessing 
all that had been both done and said at Laeca's house. 
5. The consul said, "There is no one who doubts that 
with your guilty conscience you know that these things are 
true." 6. Said he, ** I was the only one who could not 



50 WRITING LATIN 

be persuaded to give (dico) evidence. 7. "Who/' said 
he, *4s there to whom the sight of the city, the posses- 
sion of Hberty, [and] finally life itself is not only not 
highly prized (dear), but also agreeable and charming ? " 
8. There ought to be no one who would not hesitate to do 
harm to his native land. 9. He is [a] suitable [person] 
on whom to bestow this most important (so great) office 
(on whom this . . . may be bestowed). 10. I cannot be 
discouraged from bringing aid to those who are in difficul- 
ties in the line of battle. 11. I have nothing to reply 
(rel. clause of char.) to those who say that they are not 
troubled by their faults. 12. There is no reason why 
you should say this so many times ; I do not doubt that he 
can feign and dissemble everything. 13. The consul did 
not doubt that it was more important (greater) to make 
sure that the absent should have somewhere (quo) to 
return to [as] victors than to open provinces to us. 
14. Who doubts that those disagreements were such that 
they did not contemplate the destruction of the common- 
wealth .? 15. He objected strongly to revealing to the 
gladiators what he had overheard. 16. Who is so reck- 
less, so insane, as not to desire to hinder those from escap- 
ing who, relying on the protection of that scoundrel, have 
dared to disagree with this view ? 

CONNECTED PROSE 

In a speech which he delivered before the Quirites the 
consul impressed upon (showed) them that they must in 
no way doubt that their wives, their children, their dwell- 
ings, and their temples could all be rendered safe. And 
yet he did not deny that there were certain [individuals] 
who desired to hinder him by every [possible] means from 
averting this great (this so great) danger from the citizens. 



EXPRESSIONS OF CAUSE 5 1 

LESSON XVII 

EXPRESSIONS OF CAUSE. SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 
WITH QUOD 

1. Cz/m Causal: G. 586. A. 549. B. 286. 2. H. 598. HB. 525 ; 
526. Bn. 892. 

2. Quod, Quia, SLud Quoniam : G. 540-542; 525. 1-3; 610. A. 540. 
I, 2, Notes; 572. a, b. B. 286. i, b, c; 299 complete; 331. V, a. 
H. 588. I, II, 2, 3, Note, 4. HB. 552. i, 2; 555. Bn. 822; 823; 
886-888. 

3. Relative Clauses of Cause: G. 633. A. 535. e. B. 283. 3, a). 
H. 592. HB. 523. Bn. 807. 

HINTS 

With cum causal, the reason is regarded as being the 
circumstances under which the main action occurs ; with 
quia and quod causal, the reason is given simply as a fact ; 
with quoniam, its truth is assumed to be admitted by the 
person addressed. 

The relative causal clause is really a form of the clause 
of characteristic. Thus, in the sentence, 

fortunate adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris, 

O happy youth, \ . , ^ ,\ a Homer as the herald of 

\ since you have found \ 

your prowess, 

qui inveneris means literally "as being one who,'* etc. 
The reason is implied rather than stated. 

EXERCISE XVII 

I. Because they cannot see the danger with their eyes, 
they pretend, forsooth, that we ought to keep silent, for- 
fear-that (lest) that incorrigible should be angry ! 2. They 
pretend that they have kept still so long because they 



52 WRITING LATIN 

feared assassination [at the hands] of Catiline. 3. What 
I purpose, that I perform ; not because this is easy, but 
since only in this way do I feel that I am worthy to be 
called a man. 4. I am not afraid of him, because, as 
(what) I have always wished, a wall stands between me 
and him. 5. Since, as you know, I was not present at 
these deliberations, I cannot help asking you what was 
said there. 6. I ought to be especially glad of this — 
not that I seem to myself to be possessed of great talent, 
but that such a case has been presented to me that in it 
(in which) words (a speech) can fail no one. 7. It was 
quickly Archias* good fortune to outstrip all [competitors] 
in the reputation for (a) talent; there was the additional 
circumstance that many showed him attentions who were 
more anxious to be considered wise than to be wise. 
8. Since that king has now been reigning for twenty years 
(is now reigning for the twentieth year) who assigned so 
many of the citizens to his soldiers to butcher, why do we 
not get that thoroughgoing scoundrel (most wicked [man]) 
out of the way, in defense of our altars and hearths, our 
wives and children, our dwellings and our temples ? 9. He 
is violently enraged (angry) because of Catiline's mad- 
ness in hoping (because he hopes) to be king of Italy. 
10. Since you yourself will not (are unwilling to) read what 
is written on the tablets, I must needs read them to you, that 
you may the more easily understand how you are hated by 
all good men. 1 1. Because that person (iste) lives — nay, 
even comes into the senate — how, pray, do you think we 
should feel (it should be borne by us) ? 1 2. On account of 
the glare (light) of the conflagration, which could be seen 
from a distance, he was afraid that he had brought aid to his 
comrades too late. 13. Inasmuch as he can often be seen 
within the walls and even in the senate, there is danger 



CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 53 

that(lest) some may not be able to understand how, since these 
things are so, he can be an enemy. 14. Such being the 
case, hear what opinion the leaders of the senate, the most 
august and influential deliberative-body in (of) the whole 
world, have formed of (about) him. 15. They assure us 
(dat.) that his crimes are neither unknown nor few (not 
many), wherefore he must be resisted by every [possible] 
means. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Then you were at Laeca's on that night, Catiline ! 
There is the additional circumstance that on many pre- 
vious occasions (many times before) you have plotted 
against the consul's life. Such being the case, I advise 
you to [make your] escape at once; not because I fear 
you, but because I do not wish even you to be killed. 

LESSON XVIII 

CONCESSIVE (ADVERSATIVE) CLAUSES 

1. Indicative Alone: G. 605. A. 527. d, Note. B. 309. 2. H. 
586. I. HB. 554; 556. Bn. 894. 

2. Subjunctive Alone: G. 587; 606-608. A. 549; 527. a, b. 
B. 309. I, 3, 4. H. 586. II; 598. HB. 526 and a; 532. 2, a, b. 
Bn. 898 ; 900. 

3. Indicative or Subjunctive : G. 604. A. 527. c B. 309. 2. H. 
585. HB. 582. 8. Bn. 897. 

4. Relative Clauses of Concession: G. 634. A. 535. e. B. 283. 3, 
b). H. 593. 2. HB. 523. Bn. 807. 

HINTS 
Choice of a Conjunction. 

{a) With the indicative. 

Quamquam means in spite of the fact that . . . 



54 WRITING LATIN 

{b) With the subjunctive. 

Quamvis means hovjever much the assumption be true that . . , 
Licet means granting that ... 

{c) Indicative or subjunctive. 

Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi may be used where the "although" really 
means "even if." 

Do not use quamquam if the "although" clause states 
something merely assumed, as ** Let justice be done, 
though the heavens fall'' 

Cum Concessive. As cum temporal, when followed by 
the subjunctive, gives the circumstances which incidentally 
mark the time of an action, and cum causal the circum- 
stances which are the cause of an action, so cum concessive 
(adversative) gives circumstances in spite of which the 
action occurs. The context alone determines which mean- 
ing cum shall receive. Similarly in English, the temporal 
conjunction when can take on both causal and concessive 
meanings. Thus, 

(Temporal) When I was asked to come^ I could not refuse, 
(Causal) / could not refuse^ when they seemed so anxious that I 

should come, (When = since ; because of the cir- 
cumstance that.^ 
(Adversative) / stayed at home, when I ought to have gone out, 
(When = although ; in spite of the circumstance 
that.) 

EXERCISE XVIII 

I. Although Catiline had predicted that the consul 
would be killed in the Campus [Martins], he could not 
keep many [people] from warning him of (de) this (so) 
great danger. 2. However much Manlius' camp felt the 
need of him as general, Catihne did not dare to leave (set 
out from) the city. 3. Granted that this (pi.) is true, I 



CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 55 

must not raise a disturbance by my official act (in the 
name of the state). 4. Albeit we are willing to keep 
silent about the death of his former wife, we cannot help 
saying a great deal (multa) about the crimes which were 
committed (done) after that. 5. Even if he has pro- 
vided firebrands for setting the city on fire, he has suc- 
ceeded-in nothing which he hoped to be able^ to do, 
6. Then Cethegus, although (qui) a little while before he 
had made some answer (replied something) about the 
crimes of Catiline, denied that he had ever heard anything 
about this matter. 7. Notwithstanding that he came to 
[take part in] the naval war, nevertheless all the on- 
slaughts of Mithridates were checked at his coming. 

8. Notwithstanding they had fought (used) successful bat- 
tles, nevertheless they missed their friends sorely (greatly). 

9. Although I have tried by every means [in my power] 
to check the attacks of-the-people, nevertheless I am afraid 
that I cannot hinder the plebs from providing firebrands 
for setting the city on fire. 10. However many may 
have promised (subj.) to die in Caesar's behalf, there is no 
doubt that the same [persons] would prefer to live with 
Pompey. 11. Granted that this evil has existed for 
many years, what reason is there why we should suffer it 
to exist longer.? 12. Although the men of Chios are 
said to have claimed Homer as their own, they could not 
help many others' insisting that he belonged to them (was 
theirs). 13. Although Caesar was unable to avenge this 
villainy, yet he asserted that he recoiled from [the thought 
of] so great a crime. 14. Although the air (breath) of 
heaven can in no way be delightful to him, perhaps he is 
waiting-to-see if his other accomplices in (of) crime are 

1 The pres. inf. of possum is used here, instead of the future usual in the 
case of other verbs. 



56 WRITING LATIN 

detected (subj.) by the senate. 15. Although he does 
not know who is responsible for (has done) this (so) great 
villainy, he surely knows well by what means it was done. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Quirites, though many (and) great men enjoying the 
highest (amplus) honors at your hands (your highest hon- 
ors) hope that you will not place Pompey in command of 
this (so) great war, yet you can of yourselves determine 
what is best to do (supine). For often before, as you 
remember, you have made it possible for all to see (brought 
it to pass that all could see) that you had more political 
insight (saw more in politics) than the-other-side [did]. 

LESSON XIX 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES 

1. Cum Temporal: G. 579 complete; 580; 581; 584; 585; 588; 
242 and Remarks. A. 545. Note i, a; 546. Notes 1-3, a; 547. 
B. 288. 1-3; 289 and a; 290. i, 2. H. 597; 600. I, i, II, i ; 601. i, 
2,4. HB. 521. I, b, c; 524; 540 and a; 550 and a. Bn. 856-861. 

2. Ubi; Postquam; Simulatque, etc: G. ^61. A. 543 and a. B. 287. 
1-3. H. 602. I, 2. HB. 550; 557 and a. Bn. 870; 871. 

HINTS 

Cum TemporaL The indicative with cum is chiefly used 
for the purpose of emphasizing the fact that two actions 
occurred at identically the same time. Both verbs are 
then in the same tense. When the important idea is, not 
that the actions were simultaneous, but that the situation 
described in the cum-clause formed the circitmstances under 
which the action of the main clause occurred, then (of past 
events) we shall have cum with the imperfect or pluperfect 



TEMPORAL CLAUSES 57 

subjunctive; and to this class belong the majority of the 
temporal cum-clauses which one is likely to use. 

Future Time. Cum, like si, when referring to the future, 
takes a future or future perfect indicative, where EngHsh 
prefers the present or perfect. Thus, 

(a) When you are away, I shall not forget you^ 
Cum aberis, tui non obliviscar. 

{b) When Caesar has conquered the Gauls, let him (then) celebrate a 
tritanph. 

Caesar cum Gallos superaverit tum triumphet. 

EXERCISE XIX 

I. When he had gone (proficiscor) to Sicily, and when 
he was returning from that province, he came to Heraclia. 
2. At the time (then) when I was driving him from the 
city, I foresaw this in (with) my mind. 3. When you 
consider, Quirites, how much courage he possesses (there 
is in him), how much refinement, how much integrity, then 
you will more easily be able to understand why all the 
allies have desired and demanded him for this most dan- 
gerous war. 4. The conspirators had not yet left the 
house of Marcus Brutus when the consul was informed of 
all their plans. 5. After he had read the books, he said, 
**the man (is) who can write such [things] should be 
accounted worthy of the greatest praise.'' 6. As soon 
as we arrived at the Forum, we were surprised that so 
many citizens had gathered at (to) the same place. 
7. The moment he caught sight of Catiline, the consul 
said, " Oh, the difficult problem (wretched condition) of 
saving the commonwealth ! " 8. On hearing (as he 
heard) this word, Catiline said that no one would venture 
(dared) to say that he had ever attempted to harm his 
native land. 9. As soon as I was able, I came here to 



58 WRITING LATIN 

ask your mercy (mercy from you) for (gen.) my many great 
crimes. lo. As soon as ever Archias grew out of boy- 
hood (went forth from the boys), he devoted himself to 
the pursuit of writing. ii. On the one hand, he realized 
that this was being done in accordance with the man's 
(is) deserts, and on the other, he thought that it was 
greatly to the advantage of the state for the influence of 
Indutiomarus to be as strong as possible among his own 
[people]. 12. After those (iste) [persons] realized that 
his life was most carefully (with the highest carefulness) 
guarded, they formed another plan, full of criminal daring 
(crime and daring). 13. He said that after they realized 
that they were given no opportunity of committing (doing) 
a murder, they had formed another (and) more daring plan. 

14. Then, as soon as CatiUne saw that they had come 
together, although he had frequently had many discussions 
(discussed many [things]) with them individually (one at 
a time), yet he made a speech like this (of this kind). 

15. Although the facts were plain and open, there were 
[some] who pretended to think that this criminal had been 
unjustly brought to trial. 16. Whenever he sees me, he 
tells me what he has been doing. 17. Whenever the 
citizens saw Catiline, they wondered whether he would 
leave Rome. 

COIOTECTED PROSE : A ROMAN LETTER 

Cicero sends greeting to his Terentia. If you are well, 
I am glad (bene est). I am well.^ Although I have^ 
nothing to write (which I may write) to you about myself, 

1 Often abbreviated in Latin " S. V. B. E. E. V." See vocabulary under 
the several words used. 

2 In letters, the writer often puts himself mentally in the attitude of the 
recipient, and so uses past tenses of present events which will be past when 
the letter arrives. These are called epistolary tenses. 



TEMPORAL CLAUSES 59 

yet after I had heard that you were worried by reports 
emanating-from (of) those who said that I would be driven 
into exile, it seemed that I ought to inform you as soon as 
possible that there was no truth (nothing of true) in those 
rumors, and that no one would dare to hinder me from 
returning home as soon as I had completed the-arrange- 
ments (ea) which had to be made about my consulship. 
Be sure to take care of your health. Good-bye. 

LESSON XX 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES— Continued 

1. Antequam Bind Priusquam : G. 574-577. A. 550; 551. c. B. 291 ; 
292. H. 605. I, II, I. HB. 507. 4, a)-d) ; 571; 550. b. Bn. 862-866. 

2. Dum and Quoad: G. 568-572. A. 552-556. B. 293. I-III. H. 
603; 604. HB. 507. 5; 571; 550. b; 559; 560. Bn. 876; 878; 
881; 884. 

HINTS 

With antequam and priusquam, before, and dum and 
quoad, nntil, the mood to be employed is subjunctive or 
indicative according as the act described is conceived as 
anticipated, or as merely occurring. Thus, 

Caesar captured the spies before they could get away, 
means that he anticipated their escape, and succeeded 
in preventing it. Therefore we have the subjunctive : 
Caesar speculatores comprehendit priusquam effugere possent 
But in the» sentence 

/ had learned this fact before I reached home, 
we have a mere succession of events : the time of the 
occurrence is the important detail. Therefore the indica- 
tive is used : 

Hanc rem cognSveram priusquam domum perveni. 
In practice this rule is not quite consistently carried out. 
Observe particularly the statements of the grammar about 



6o WRITING LATIN 

dum, and for antequam and priusquam use the following 
table, as covering most cases : ^ 

Present 

1. With affirmative leading clause, priusquam with pres. subj. 

2. With negative leading clause, priusquam with perf. ind. 
(Such sentences usually denote customary or repeated action.) 

Past 

3. With affirmative leading clause, priusquam with imperf. subj. or 
perf. indie. 

4. With negative leading clause, priusquam with perf. indie. But 
to express desigii the imperf. subj. may be used. 

Future 

5. With affirmative leading clause, priusquam with pres. indie, 
(but if the leading verb is an imperative, use priusquam with pres. 
subj.). 

6. With negative leading clause, priusquam with fut. perf indie. 

Until. Note that after a negative leading clause, if 
before may be substituted for \hQ until without altering the 
meaning, priusquam and not dum must be used. Thus, 

And they did not stay their flight tcvtil ( = before) they reached the 
Rhine, 

Neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad Rhenum pervenerunt. 
Before and After. The sentence 

TT u J jr \ after (adv.) y 

He returned four years \ -^ ^ -^' 
■^ [ afterwards 

may be expressed as follows : 

(a) Quattuor post annis 1 

\b) Quattuor annis post \ revertit. 

(f) Post quattuor annos j 

1 Abridged from Professor Hullihen's article in the Classical Weekly, 
Vol. IV, No. 26. 



TEMPORAL CLAUSES 6l 

If after be the conjunction, we may have these forms 
and two others in addition. Thus, 

He returned four years after he had set oiit^ 

(a) Quattuor post anriis 



(b) Quattuor arniis post 

{c) Post quattuor anrios 

(d) Post quartum annum 

(e) Quarto anno post 



revertit quam profectus est. 



The same principles apply also to antequam and 
priusquam. 

EXERCISE XX 

I. Before I come to the point where I shall call for your 
vote (recur to the vote), I will say a few [words] about 
myself. 2. It is our desire (pleases us) that the letter be 
opened (inf.) by you before you lay it before the senate. 
3. That it might be possible for a delay to occur (that space 
might be able to intervene) until the soldiers for whom he 
had made requisition should assemble, he replied to the 
envoys that he would take time to think the matter over 
(for deliberating). 4. While this (pi.) was going on, it 
was reported to Caesar that the horsemen were drawing 
nearer to the hillock. 5. While we live (are alive), let us 
live ! 6. As long as the consul shall live he will be able 
to defend those [measures] which you decide on (fut. perf.), 
and to execute them by himself. 7. Catiline would not 
have proclaimed (plup. subj.) the republic's day of destruc- 
tion and doom so long in advance. 8. Four days before 
he was brought to trial, it is said that he promised a cer- 
tain slave to give him his liberty. 9. Five years later 
(after), he returned to Rome. 10. Five years after his 
return (he returned) to Rome, he was forced to [make 
his] escape a second time, because certain crimes, 



62 WRITING LATIN 

committed many years before, had been reported to the 
senate. ii. A few days after Caesar reached there, he 
demanded hostages and all their weapons. 12. They 
will not stop retreating until they reach the Rhine. 
13. As long as there were others to defend your cause, I 
thought that all my time ought to be devoted to the 
demands (times) of my friends. 14. They did not let 
the leaders go from the meeting until they agreed (it had 
been yielded by them) to their taking arms and pressing 
on (contendo) to the camp (that they should take, etc.). 
1 5. Forty-nine days after leaving Brundisium (on the forty- 
ninth day after he set out from, etc.), he annexed the 
whole of Cilicia to the domain of the Roman people. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Of (ex) all these [men], Catiline was alone to be feared, 
but [only] for such time as he was found (contained) 
within the walls of the city. For after he left the city, 
even before he reached Manlius' camp, we perceived that 
as it were a mass-of-corruption (cesspool), great and 
perilous to the state, had been removed (drawn out). 

LESSON XXI 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 

1. Protasis and Apodosis (Condition and Conclusion) : G. 589-592; 
496. I, 2. A. 512. a, c; 525. a, c B. 301 ; 306. 1-4. H. 572; 575. 
1-6. HB. 573; 574; 577; 578. 1-3. Bn. 907-910. 

2. Indicative in Conditional Sentences: G. 595; 242. Remarks i, 
2. A. 515; 516. I, a, c,d. B. 302. 1,3,4; 261. I. HB. 575.^; 579, a. 
Bn. 911 ; 914. 

3. Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences : G. 596 and i ; 597. A. 
514. B, 2, a, b, C, I, 2. B. 303 ; 304. H. 576 ; 577 ; 579. HB. 580, 
a; 581. Bn. 915; 917; 919-921. 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 



63 



HINTS 

In turning a conditional sentence into Latin, we should 
first make sure whether the supposition is in present, past, 
or future time. To do this, one must observe both condi- 
tion (protasis) and conclusion (apodosis), because in Eng- 
lish the tense of the verb does not always show the time 
of the sentence. For instance, the protasis ^^ If I sazv'' 
can refer to present, past, or future suppositions. Thus : 

(i) If I saw him (yesterday), / did 7tot (then) recognize hiin, 
(Past time.) 

(2) If I saw hiin (at this moment), I should not (now) be looking 
for him. (Present time.) 

(3) If I saw hi7n (to-morrow), / should probably not recogtiize hiin 
(then). (Future time.) 

Notice that in each case the form' of the conclusion 
makes the time of the whole sentence clear, even if the 
words ** yesterday,*' "to-morrow,'' etc., are omitted. 

By adding the words " now," " previously," or *' sub- 
sequently," to a conditional sentence, and observing which 
one seems to fit, it is often possible to determine the time 
of the sentence more readily than by other means. Thus, 
in the sentence, 

If you understood this^ I should not be explaining it, 
the full thought is clearly, 

If you understood this now, / should not now be explaining it. 

Having determined the time, the next step is to find 
whether one must use the indicative or the subjunctive. 
This may be done by attention to the formulas here pre- 
sented. 

I. Present Conditions 

{a) If this is so, it is fortunate. (Nothing assumed: takes pres. 
indie.) 



64 WRITING LATIN 

(Ji) If this were so (which it is not), it %vould be fortunate. (Sup- 
position assumed to be untrue: takes imperf. subj.) 

II. Past Conditions 

{a) If this was so, it was fortunate. (Nothing assumed : takes 
imperf. or perf. indie) 

{b) If this had been so (which it was not), it would have been fortu- 
nate, (Supposition assumed to be untrue : takes pluperf. subj.) 

III. Future Conditions 

{a) If he (actually) comes, all will be glad to see him, (Assumes 
the future event as a reahty : takes fut. or fut. perf. indie) 

{b) If he should (by any chance) co?ne, all woidd be glad to see hifu. 
(Assumes the future event as a more remote possibility : takes pres. or 
perf. subj.) 

Finally, notice how, in the protasis of a future condition, 
English is apt to use a present tense where Latin employs 
a future or a future perfect. Thus, English says. 

If Caesar conquers, he will spare the captives ; 

but Latin would make the protasis. 

If Caesar shall conquer or 

If Caesar shall have conquered, 

Caesar si superabit or superaverit, captivis parcet or pepercerit. 

EXERCISE XXI 

I. If CatiHne is standing in the Comitium armed (with a 
weapon), why does not the consul have him arrested ? 2. If 
he passes over this, [namely] how many times that [man] 
has tried to kill him when consul, there is no doubt that it 
will be [the act] of a wise [man]. 3. If, as Cicero says 
(aio), Catiline has accomplished nothing, why has he not- 
withstanding (nevertheless) never ceased to attempt and to 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 65 

wish ? 4. If the sword had not fallen from his hand, 
would he not have tried to kill the consul ? 5. If the city 
should be bare of defenders (a garrison), we should easily 
gain possession of it ; but if, as you s^y, there are many to 
defend it, there will be need both of strategy [on the part 
of] the general and courage [on the part] of the soldiers. 
6. If the Roman people were gentle to (in) its enemies, 
would not foreign nations dare many things which they 
now hesitate to do ? 7. Whether, as he said, he thought 
that he must not be afraid of being too careful (too much 
carefulness must not be feared), or whether there was 
some other reason for [his] refusal (gen. of ger.), there is 
no doubt that he acted wisely. 8. Unless you surrender 
yourselves and all your [possessions] to us, you will lose 
not only your liberty, but even your lives (sing.). 9. If, 
according to his custom, he had asked the senators their 
opinion before he made his speech, no one could have 
accused him of betraying his country. 10. If you had 
said the same things as (which) the consul [did], you 
would have had to go into exile. 11. Unless you give 
me as many hostages as I have demanded, you will all be 
led into slavery. 12. Had you not given me such honor 
as no one within human recollection has attained, I should 
have no answer to make you (should not have what I 
might reply to you). 13. If the consul had been afraid 
of being too careful (too much diligence), we should not be 
safe now. 14. If you believe me, do not hinder this in- 
corrigible from being punished by the state. I5- For 
if the commonwealth had punished him many years sooner 
(ante), so many great (so many and so great) dangers 
would not be threatening it now. 



66 WRITING LATIN 

CONNECTED PROSE 

You have asked me, friends, if I thought that this [man] 
should be punished. But I have no answer to make (see 
Sentence 12), for if he (iste) should be visited with punish- 
ment, there is no doubt that many would say that it was 
an act of cruel arrogance on the part of the consul (had 
been done cruelly and arrogantly by the consul) ; but if I 
should adopt some milder method (should do something 
milder), I am afraid that at-sometime every one would 
think that the government had been administered by me 
with scant fidelity (too little diligently). 

LESSON XXII 

OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. CLAUSES OF PROVISO. CON- 
DITIONAL CLAUSES OF COMPARISON 

1. Optative Subjunctive: G. 260; 261. A. 441; 442. B. 279. i, 
2. H. 558. I, 2. HB. 510. a; 511. i. Bn. 773. 

2. Clauses of Proviso: G. 573. A. 528. B. 310. 1. II. H. 587. 
HB. 529. Bn. 929. 

3. Conditional Clauses of Comparison : G. 602. A. 524. B. 307. 
I, 2. H. 584. 1-4. HB. 504. 3, a. Bn. 928. 

HINTS 

Optative Subjunctive. Notice that the tenses refer to 
the same time as in conditional sentences taking the sub- 
junctive; the present subjunctive referring to future time, 
the imperfect to present time, and the pluperfect to past 
time. 

Conditional Clauses of Comparison. Notice especially 
that while these apparently resemble contrary to fact con- 
ditions, the tense-use is different ; the present referring to 
present time and the imperfect to past time. 



OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 6/ 

EXERCISE XXII 

I. He says that he is innocent, as if we did not know 
how often he has refused to obey the laws. 2. The con- 
sul will be freed from great apprehension (fear), if only 
there is a wall between him and Catiline. 3. They feared 
the cruelty of the absent Ariovistus as if he were present. 
4. He did not dread any one's ill-will, provided that 
through his efforts dignity and safety were secured for the 
Roman people. 5. May that band not have more power 
than the [combined] majesty of the republic and your- 
selves. 6. Would that he had taken their life from the 
villains ! 7. If only you understood how greatly you are 
mistaken (follow sequence) when you say that I have 
harmed the commonwealth ! 8. If only Jupiter help us, 
in three days we shall reach Italy. 9. If he should not 
stand by you, how would you accomplish that which you 
hope to do.'^ 10. O that you believed me as (in what 
manner) I believe you! 11. If I did not believe you, I 
could not help hating you. 12. May it not happen that 
one (is) who has saved his country, rendered services to 
(served) the citizens, appeased the enemy [and] pleased 
all patriots, should be forced by profligate men to go into 
exile. 13. Would that you felt more grateful (had 
greater gratitude) to a man (is) who has never failed his 
country ! 14. As long as you thank me, there is nothing 
I will not gladly do for you.^ 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Would that you had such an abundance of brave and 
upright men, Quirites, that it was easy to put some one in 
charge of so great an enterprise (res) and so important a 
war ! As-it-is, however, since Pompey is the only one who 

^ The relative must not be omitted in Latin, 



68 WRITING LATIN 

possesses all the highest qualifications (in whom are all the 
highest [things]), why do we hesitate to appoint him com- 
mander immediately, provided this can be done with the 
consent of the senators ? 

LESSON XXIII 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 

Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse. (a) The Apodosis : 
G. 656, 2; 657-659. A. 589. 2, a, 1-3, b, 2-4, Note i. B. 319. A; 

320. a; 321. A. H. 646. I, 2; 647. 1-3. HB. 534. I, b; 581. b, i. 
Bn. 979-982. (d) The Protasis: G. 595. Remark i ; 597. Remark 4; 
656. I, 3; 510. B. 589, i,b, i; 483; 485. g. B. 319. B, a; 320. b; 

321. b; 267; 268. 4. H. 646; 647; 544; 545. HB. 534. 2, II; 536; 
581. b, Note; 477. a. Bn. (same references as for Protasis). 

HINTS 

The Protasis. No new principle is involved. In writ- 
ing the protasis of a conditional sentence in indirect dis- 
course, notice whether the verb describes completed or 
incomplete action. If it describes completed action, it 
must be put in the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive, 
according to the sequence. If it describes incomplete 
action, use the present or imperfect subjunctive, according 
to the sequence. Remember that in these clauses the 
tense of the subjunctive does not indicate the time when 
the act occurs, but only whether it is conceived as eom- 
pleted or eontimnng at the time indicated in the apodosis. 
Thus, a future perfect indicative in protasis of the direct 
discourse would in indirect discourse become a perfect 
subjunctive if the sequence were primary, a pluperfect if 
the sequence were secondary. 

The Apodosis. Here also no new principle is involved : 
the tense of the infinitive indicates the time of the original 



CONDITIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 69 

verb — present for present conditions, perfect for past, and 
future for future. 

Contrary to Fact (Unreal) Conditions. The above rules 
are modified in the case of conditions contrary to fact, as 
noted in the references to the grammars. 

EXERCISE XXIII 

I. If you ask-my-advice, I recommend this to you. 
(a) The consul says that if he asks-his-advice, he recom- 
mends this to him. (d) He said that if he asked his ad- 
vice, he recommended this to him. 2. If this happened 
to no one, it was surprising, (a) I think that if this hap- 
pened, etc. (d) I thought, etc. 3. If I order you to be 
arrested forthwith (lam), I shall do right (adv.). (a) 1 be- 
lieve, etc. (d) I believed, etc. 4. If your country 
should speak (talk) thus (haec) with you, she would 
deserve to gain her request. (a) He answers, etc. 
{d) He answered, etc. 5. If I could accomplish this by a 
[mere] word, I should be forcing out those very men. 
(a) He says, etc. (d) He said, etc. 6. If they had 
been willing to do this earlier, we should find (use) them 
better citizens. (a) We know, etc. (d) Did we not 
know, etc. ? 7. He asserted that they were very much 
mistaken, if they expected that that original leniency of his 
would last forever (be permanent). 8. We understood 
that if Cicero had changed his opinion, some would have 
thought him extremely cruel (superl.). 9. It was said to 
him that if he wished to render a service to (serve) the con- 
sul's reputation (praise), he should go into exile. 10. He 
replied that if those things which had been reported to 
him had not been discovered, yet he did not think that too 
much carefulness was to be feared. 11. In this letter 
(abl. of means) he wrote me that unless I had resisted the 



70 WRITING LATIN 

infamous designs of the conspirators, the commonwealth 
would have perished. 12. I knew that if I did not make 
war on this nation, it would make war on the Roman peo- 
ple unprovoked (of-its-own-accord). 13. He knew that 
unless war had been made on them by him, war would 
have been made on him by them. 14. I say that unless 
many honors had been taken from him, he would not have 
become an enemy to the commonwealth. 15. He was 
informed that if he did not get to (reach) the river before 
the enemy had crossed, they would all escape. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

The consul said that if he should say that [it was] he 
[who] had resisted Catiline and his accomplices, he should 
be presumptuous (should take too much to himself) and 
intolerable (not to be borne); but that they must feel 
grateful to Jupiter, for unless he had robbed the enemy of 
their senses (by whom unless good-sense had been taken 
from the enemy), in no way could this (so) great peril 
have been averted from the country. 

LESSON XXIV 
PARTICIPLES. THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 

1. Tense of the Participle: G. 276; 282. Remark; 283. A. 158 
a, b, c, I, 2, Note; 491. B. 336. 1-5; 337. 4. H. 640 complete 
HB. 599. a-c; 600. i, 4. Bn. 984-988. 

2. Ablative Absolute : G. 409; 410. Remarks. A. 419 and a; 489 
492; 493. I, 2. B. 227. I, 4. H. 489. I, 3, 5. HB. 421 complete 
Bn. 558. 

3. Participles Equivalent to Clauses: G. 664. Remark i; 665-667 
A. 496; 497. B. 227. 2j a)-f). H. 638. I, 2. HB. 604. 1-7 
Bn. 559-565 ; 991 ; 994- 



PARTICIPLES. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 71 

HINTS 

Tense of the Participle. In the English sentence 

Laelius^ returning to Rome, learned that his house had burned down, 

the present participle returning may mean that the news 
came to him either while returning or after returning. 

Latin is more precise. If we mean while returning, we 
must use the present participle. Thus, 

Laelius, Romam revertens, domum suam deflagrasse certior factus est. 

If, however, we mean after returning, the perfect parti- 
ciple must be used. Thus, 

Laelius, Romam reversus, etc. 

The Ablative Absolute. The verb revertor being depo- 
nent, the perfect participle reversus has an active mean- 
ing, having retitrned, and therefore naturally agrees with 
Laelius. Suppose, however, we had wished to turn into 
Latin the sentence 

Caesar^ having received the hostages, withdrew his troops. 

Since Latin has no perfect active participle, except in the 
case of deponent verbs, we cannot translate having received 
literally. We must therefore change the participial clause 
to the passive. Thus, 

Caesar, hostages having been received, withdrew his troops. 

Translating the nominative absolute of the English by 
the Latin ablative absolute, we have 

Caesar obsidibus accepUs c5pias deduxit. 

From this it appears that the ablative absolute construc- 
tion is in part a makeshift, enabling one to employ a parti- 
ciple in the tense desired, even when it cannot agree with 
the subject or object of the main verb. 



^2 WRITING LATIN 

The converse is also true, that we must never use the 
ablative absolute when the word with which the participle 
agrees, or a pronoun representing this word, can at the 
same time be the subject or object of the leading verb. 
Thus, if we have 

Caesar^ having withdrawn his troops^ halted thein 07i a hill, 
we must recast the sentence in the form 

Caesar halted his withdrawn troops on a hill, 
Caesar c5pias deductas in colle constituit. 
Had we used the ablative absolute, 

Caesar copiis deductis ebs in colle constituit, 
it would have meant 

Caesar, having withdrawn his troops, halted them (i.e. not the troops, 
but some other persons of whom mention had just been made) on a hill. 

To summarize directions, in translating English partici- 
ples into Latin, first be sure of the precise time indicated 
by the participle (either at the same time as the main verb 
or before it), then be sure that the Latin participle agrees 
with the proper word. A rigid, literal re-rendering of your 
Latin will be the surest test. 

EXERCISE XXIV 

I. After worshipping Jupiter, Quirites, depart to your 
homes. 2. He asked whether they ought to endure 
Catiline, when-he-desired'^ to devastate the world with mas- 
sacre and fire (burnings). 3. I hope we shall reach our 
journey's end in safety (safe), with none to hinder [us]. 
4. I am not going to state what great deeds he did in other 
provinces, after the co^npletion of this war. 5. Whe7t 

^ In this exercise, participial expressions are italicized when this construc- 
tion would not readily be suggested by the form of the English. 



PARTICIPLES. ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE 73 

matters in Italy had been settled in this way (so), he left 
for Sicily to conduct the war there. 6. Leaving for 
Sicily, after he had returned from Africa, he crushed all 
the pirates who were there (all who were pirates there) by 
force of (and) arms. 7. As he was returning (to whom 
going back) to Rome, tidings were (sing.) brought to him 
that his life was being sought by some who desired a revo- 
lution. 8. Thinking that these should be resisted in all 
possible ways (ratio), he took pains to have as strong 
(large) a guard as possible about (with) him. 9. On 
learning of their opinion, he replied to [those]-who begged 
(pres. part.) that he should give orders (order) that Cati- 
line be arrested at once, that he could not do this when so 
many citizens were resisting [such action]. 10. If your 
parents feared you, should you not, on learning of this 
fact, think that you must leave the city .'^ 11. These all 
fell fighting bravely. 12. The soldiers, having followed 
them too far, came to a dangerous spot (locus alienus); 
when the lieutenant, fearing that he should be unable to 
lead his troops back in safety (unharmed), sent [men] to 
beg that reinforcements be sent him. 13. On his way 
back (when he was returning) to Italy, he was informed by 
a certain barbarian that a movement was on foot to cut him 
off (passive) from supplies. 14. Having a residence at 
Rome, he registered before the praetor Marcus Marcellus, 
his intimate friend. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

The general, after haranguing his [men], joined battle. 
Since our men were thrown into disorder by the first 
onslaught of the enemy, he sent the third legion as rein- 
forcements to [those]-who-were-in-difficulties (see 10, above) 
in the Hne of battle, whereupon (quo) it happened that the 



74 WRITING LATIN 

enemy, fearing that they would be surrounded, took to 
flight, while our [men], pursuing them (for "while . . . 
them,'* say "whom") for many miles, surrounded three 
hundred of them with the cavalry \and'\ cut them to 
pieces. When this battle was fought (facio), on learning 
of the enemy's purpose to cut him off from supplies, the 
general returned by the longest possible marches (as great 
marches as possible) to the place (thither) whence he had 
come the day before. 

LESSON XXV 
USE OF TALIS, ETC. 

HINTS 

The "Hints" to Lesson XXVII are also applicable 
here. 

EXERCISE XXV 

I. The character of every state depends upon (ev- 
ery state is such as is) either the nature or the will 
of its ruler (him who rules it). 2. He is such [a 
man] as I see you to be. 3. These [qualities] exist in 
him in the same degree in which they are lacking (are 
as great in him as they are not) in all other generals. 
4. The consul incurred such impopularity [so great was 
the consul's unpopularity] on account of Catiline's exe- 
cution (Catiline having been executed) as no one ever before, 
within human recollection, had incurred in saving the country 
(the country having been saved). 5. After killing as many 
Roman citizens as he could find in Asia [Minor], Mithri- 
dates declared war on us. 6. No one has desired as 
many and as great favors (res) from the immortal gods as 



USE OF TALIS, ETC. 75 

(how many and how great) the gods have bestowed upon 
you without your asking for them (voluntarily). 7. I 
wish the same thing as you : that through my efforts dig- 
nity and safety may be secured for the commonwealth. 
8. This man is not so brave as [he is] wise : for he strug- 
gled hard (greatly) that he might always please the one (is) 
who had the greatest power. 9. The more he wished to 
attack them when-off-their-guard, the less he seemed to 
accomplish it. 10. You have not written me as often as 
I had hoped you would (write). 11. As often as (how 
often )^ you have attacked me, I have escaped you by-my- 
own-efforts (through myself). 12. I will give you as 
much money as (how much of money) ^ I have with me. 
13. In this war, such a war as (what sort of war)^ was 
never before waged within human recollection, I hope so 
to conduct myself that you all, Quirites, may understand 
that what I do, I do for my country. 14. I will write 
you as many letters as I shall be days at Rome. 15. Who 
ever thought that you had done as much as you could was 
very much mistaken. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Now, Quirites, observe both what this war is like, and 
how important it is (of what sort and how great this war 
is). But it is not so important that it should be feared, for 
as often as our general has come into conflict with the 
enemy, he has led back his army victorious. Now, how- 
ever, it will be more dangerous for us to wage war (with 
greater danger shall we wage war); for the new king is as 
wise as [he is] brave, and he will not fight in the same 
way as did his predecessor on the throne (he who reigned 
before him). 

1 These shortened expressions are common. 



76 WRITING LATIN 

LESSON XXVI 

PRONOUNS 
EXERCISE XXVI 

I. Even if we ourselves could perceive these things 
neither by eyes nor ears nor any sense, yet we ought to 
beheve that they exist, when we are told (accipio) by the 
greatest and wisest men that this is so. 2. Whatever we 
perceive by the mind, all this springs from the senses. 
3. Whatever (what) designs should be resisted, these I 
will resist in whatever way [I can]. 4. All the most 
learned men deny that the earth is flat. 5. You have 
never done anything worse than what (that which) you are 
now doing. 6. Has any state which was rich been 
brought to a state of peace and quietness (pacified).? 

7. If any one does not know what cupidity men display 
when they start (with what cupidity men start) for their 
provinces, let him hear what is written in this letter. 

8. To have the same tastes and antipathies (to wish 
and not wish the same thing), that and only that (ea 
demum) is lasting friendship. 9. Then and only then 
(turn demum) did they turn their thoughts to providing for 
their safety (did they provide with their minds for their 
safety) when with their eyes they saw the actual mischief. 
10. Now the very stillness terrifies him whom once not 
any weapons [that were] hurled alarmed. 11. But now 
what does that life of yours amount to (what is, etc.), 
in defense of which you have committed so many infa- 
mous^ crimes? 12. Let all the best men obey the laws. 
13. Some one has said that those who desire a revolution 
do not have to obey the laws ; but you and I,^ (as) I imag- 
ine, consider that the advice of a wise [man] would be 

1 Latin says, " so many and so infamous." ^ Latin says, " I and you." 



CORRELATIVES 'jj 

different. 14. He who forgets the instruction of a parent 
can in no wise be a good citizen. 15. A certain man 
asked the consul why, if all the citizens were agreed upon 
saving the state, it was necessary for them to protect their 
houses by guards and patrols [any] longer. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Whoever of them hopes to be king or even consul is 
very much mistaken. For he has entirely forgotten that 
the Roman people will never suffer any one to be made 
king, so long as they shall remember (sing. : why }) Tar- 
quinius Superbus. 

LESSON XXVII 

CORRELATIVES 

HINTS 

Translation of **as." In this Lesson notice particularly 
that the translation of the second as in ** as many as," **as 
often as," etc., depends on the first part of the expression, 
tarn being followed by quam, tot by quot, etc. 

The case of a qualis or quantus will be the same as if a 
form of qui were to be used. Thus, 

/ have never seen stick a man as he is said to be, Numquam talem 
hominem vidi qualis iUe esse dicitur. 

Avoid putting such correlatives close together. Thus, 

Pompey has wo7i as often as Caesar would be Totiens Pompeius 
quotiens Caesar vicit, or Quotiens Pompeius vicit, totiens Caesar; not 
Pompeius totiens quotiens, etc, 

EXERCISE XXVII 

I. You will go in safety (safe) by the same way as you 
came here. 2. This man says that Sulla would not have 
refused him if he had asked citizenship of him. 3. [It 



78 WRITING LATIN 

is] not so [much that] they are inactive as [that] they are 
afraid that if what they should say should be overheard, 
they would suffer (come into) the severest (summus) tor- 
ture. 4. For the dearer life is to human beings, the 
more carefully they think it ought to be guarded by what- 
ever means [they can]. 5. As often as you have cried 
that you were a good citizen, I have seen those laugh who 
believe that you cherish no design (meditate nothing) but 
(nisi) the ruin of your native land. 6. You, forsooth, 
think that those who hold supreme control should live dif- 
ferently from us, who are merely citizens. 7. Where you 
go, there I shall go ; where you live, there also shall I live. 
8. Let my remarks begin at the point (speech start thence) 
whence this whole case arises (is led). 9. Many men 
of many minds ! (how many men, so many opinions). 
10. He had a bridge built (made) over (in) the river, across 
which (where) he might lead his army. 11. And so he 
returned home in less than thirty days by the same route as 
it had taken him six months to pass over (he had marched 
in six months). 12. He made it possible for horses (there) 
to go where before one man could scarcely crawl (repere). 
13. If our fellow-citizens are such as they ought to be, 
there will be no need of foreign assistance. 14. For this 
war is not as great as many which have been waged by 
our forefathers. 

CONNECTED PROSE 

Most honorable and excellent Roman knights ^ say that 
this war ought not to be carried on in the same way as 
(in which) the others [have been] ; for, [they say] the 
character of the enemy is different, and it is necessary 

1 Latin does not say "the brave Pompey," but " Pompey, a brave man"; 
not Pompeius fortis, but Pompeius, vir fortis (or f ortissimus) . Apply 
this principle here. 



DATES 



79 



to go (set out) to-a-different-place from [that to which] 
our armies marched before ; but that if we were going to 
start for the same place where we have engaged with the 
enemy so many times already, we should be undertaking 
this war with equanimity. 

LESSON XXVIII 

DATES 

G. Appendix i. A. 630; 631. B. 371; 372. H. 754-756- 
HB. 660-671. Bn. 603; 604. 

HINTS 

Dates. The following diagram illustrates the divisions 

of the Roman month : 

Kalendae (ist) 



Ante Nonas 



Ante Idus 



Ante Kalendas 



Pridie Nonas 
N5nae (5th or 7th) 



Pridie Idus 

idus (13th or 15th) 



Pridie Kalcfidds (last day of month) 



8o WRITING LATIN 

" In March, July, October, May, 
The Ides are on the fifteenth day. 
The Nones the seventh ; but all besides 
Have two days less for Nones and Ides."" 

The YEAR may be expressed by giving, in ordinal nu- 
merals, the year since the Founding of the City of Rome 
(a.u.c. = anno urbis conditae or ab urbe condita). 

(i) For dates b.c, subtract the given date from 754. 

Thus, 

44 B.C. = 754 - 44 = 710 A.u.c. 

(2) For dates a.d., add the given date to 753. Thus, 

1903 a.d. = 753 + 1903 = 2656 A.u.c. 

According to the above rule, the sentence 

A7tierica was discovered in i4g2 A.D, 
becomes 

America inventa est anno urbis conditae bis millesimo ducentesimo 
quadragesimo quinto. 

EXERCISE XXVIII 

I. January i. February 2. March 3. April 4. May 
5. June 6. July 7. 2. From August 8 to September 9. 
October 30. November 30. December 29. 3. From 
January 12 to February 14. 4. Three days after March 
15. 5. Two days before April 13. 6. About the first 
of June, in the consulship of Lucius Caesar and Gains 
Figulus, he at first began to instigate some and to sound 
others. 7. Remember the Ides of March, Quirites, when 
Gains Caesar died. 8. Nine years after we came to 
Spain, we were informed that unless we returned to Rome 
immediately, we must lose our lives (perish). 9. Eight 
months before he was elected consul, he said that he never 
(denied that he ever) hoped to enter upon that office (mag- 
istracy). 10. After a few days one of the senators (a 



DATES 8 I 

certain senator) read in the senate a letter which he said 
had been brought to him from Faesulae, in which it was 
written that Gains ManHus had taken [up] arms on Octo- 
ber 28. II. The American republic (civitas Americana) 
was born (founded) July 4, 1776 a.d. 12. George Wash- 
ington, who was the first president of the American peo- 
ple, was born February 22. 13. Abraham Lincoln, who 
was born February 12, strove with all his might that 
government of the people, by the people, for the people, 
should not perish from the earth (lest that power (imperium) 
which had its source in (arose from) the people, which 
was administered both by the people and for (pro) the 
people, should ever perish in the world). 14. Fourscore 
and seven years ago (there are now ninety-seven years 
since ^), our forefathers brought forth on this continent 
(in these regions) a new nation (civitas). 15. April 14. 
May 17. June 18. July 19. August 20, 

CONNECTED PROSE 

To-day, thirteen days after leaving (which day is the 
thirteenth after we set out from) home, we shall reach 
the renowned city [of] Rome, which is said to have been 
founded B.C. 753 (reach Rome, (to) that renowned city, 
which, etc.). We were very glad to receive (we received 
very gladly) yesterday the letters which you had written 
us on October 12. Soon we shall write you of (de) every- 
thing which we both see and do (fut. perf.) in this place, 
which for so many years we have desired to see. 

1 Use cum with perf. ind. 



EXERCISES IN CONNECTED NARRATIVE 

EXERCISE XXIX 

Horatius at the Bridge. A 

After the Tarquins had been banished from Rome, they 
fled-for-refuge to Lars Porsena, the king of Clusium, and 
besought that he would not suffer them to live in exile. 
Porsena, therefore, came to Rome with a hostile army. 
When the enemy were at hand, all moved into the city 
from the fields ; the city itself they strengthened by troops 
(pi. of praesidium). The Pons Sublicius almost gave en- 
trance (iter) to the foe; but one man, Horatius Codes, 
who happened to have been placed (by chance had been 
placed) on guard at (of) the bridge, when he saw the 
Janiculum taken by an unexpected attack, and that his 
[comrades] were abandoning their arms and leaving the 
ranks (were leaving arms and ranks) in a panic, advised 
them to destroy the bridge with fire and steel (iron). He 
promised that as far as one man could, he would with- 
stand the enemy. Thereupon he advanced to the nearer 
end of the approach (entered the first approach) to the 
bridge (gen.); nevertheless a sense-of-shame kept two of 
the Romans with him, Spurius Lartius and Titus Her- 
minius. Except these, no one offered to help him. 

EXERCISE XXX 

Horatius at the Bridge. E 

With these he first withstood the enemy s attack for a 
little while. Then, when there was [but] a small (narrow) 

82 



k 



EXERCISES 83 

part of the bridge left (abl. abs.), he forced even (ipse) 
these to retire to a place of safety like-the-rest (also). 
Thereupon he taunted the chiefs of the Etruscans, and 
bitterly reproached them for being willing (because they 
were willing) to compel the Romans to take back their 
kings. Then, with a yell (raising a shout), the Etruscans, 
stung by his taunts (lit. **by shame"), let fly their missiles 
from-every-quarter at their solitary (one) foe. [Now] after 
(when) he had kept these off (which when he, etc.) for a 
long time by interposing his shield, he suddenly felt that 
the bridge was breaking (passive : why ?), Observing this, 
he said, ** Father Tiber (adj.: see Voc), I pray you 
to receive this armor and this soldier [and carry them] 
down stream." Then, in-full-armor (armed), he jumped 
down into the Tiber ; and though many a dart was hurled 
at him, he reached his [friends] unscathed. In conse- 
quence the entire state thanked Horatius, and gave him 
(to whom was given) as much land as he could plow 
round (circumarare) in one day. Of this deed the fame 
has lasted even to our own time ; for who has not heard 
how Horatius kept the bridge in the brave days of old (an 
early and a better age) ? 

EXERCISE XXXI 

Manilian Law. A 

In the course of his speech (when he was making, etc.), 
Cicero said first that he possessed (there was in him) as 
much influence as the people had resolved (volo) that he 
should possess (that there should be). Next, he promised 
to use whatever (if any) influence he had among those 
who had given it to him. He was glad that such a case 
had been presented to him that in it (in which) it was 



84 \VRITING LATIN 

harder to find a stopping-place for (of) his speech than a 
beginning. 

After he had explained what (cuius modi) was the char- 
acter of the war which the Romans had to carry on, he 
admonished the people of the peril to the state unless they 
should take thought for both citizens and allies. For he 
told (doceo) them that two most powerful kings were 
threatening Asia [Minor], while [autem] it was from Asia 
that the richest (greatest) revenues of the commonwealth 
came in (redeo), and if these were lost (which having 
been lost) they would inevitably be (it was inevitable that 
they should be) deprived of (miss, requiro) the means of 
carrying on (pi. of subsidium) war. Therefore, [he said], 
they should reflect on what was to be done, so as to keep 
safe and-set-free (participle) not merely from disaster but 
from the dread of disaster, those whose great fortunes 
were at stake [through being] invested in farming the 
taxes. 

EXERCISE XXXII 

Manilian Law. B 

The consul said that whatever authority he possessed 
ought to be exercised (used) among those who had given 
it to him. Then he set forth the perils of a war waged in 
Asia and carried on against kings (an Asiatic and kingly 
war). *'The great fortunes of the Roman knights," he 
said, **are at stake, invested in farming your revenues. 
Lucullus' successor is far from (not enough) prepared to 
conduct a war of such magnitude (so great). Unless you 
reflect on what is to be done, you will put many citizens in 
extreme peril (summon to the highest danger), for whom 
it is your duty to take thought, both for their own sake 
and for the sake of the country. For these cannot suffer 



I 



EXERCISES 85 

ruin without others also losing (so that others do not lose) 
property and fortunes." Then he inquired whether they 
intended to be indifferent to the taking of a hfe (a taken 
life), and do nothing about (abandon) the murder of an 
ambassador after he had been cruelly tortured (an ambas- 
sador murdered with all punishment); especially since, if 
they did not protect their own fellow-citizens, no one there- 
after would dare to farm the revenues. Wherefore he 
showed them that it belonged to their humanity to defend, 
not only from ruin but from the fear of ruin, those whose 
property was at stake in [the business of] farming the 
revenues. 

EXERCISE XXXIII 

Manilian Law. C 

Who can compose (find) a speech that shall do justice to 
(be equal to) Pompey's noble-qualities (virtutes) ? He can 
be stern in his judgments (gerund) because he is willing for 
others to be stern critics of him (to be stern judges towards 
(in) himself). Then, he exercises a commanding influence 
greater than that possessed by all other generals (there is 
in him as much authority as there was not in the other 
generals). I believe that [it is] due to the direct guidance 
of the immortal gods (the immortal gods being leaders) 
[that] he is in the (is) locality where our armies are at- 
this-moment awaiting a commander. (And) so why should 
we hesitate to apply to the preservation (gerundive) of the 
commonwealth this great blessing (this so much of good) 
which has been proffered us by the immortal gods ? For, 
had not the gods aided him, think you that he would have 
been the winner of so many fights (used so many success- 
ful battles) and defeated so many foes with such [perfect] 
safety to the republic ? For assuredly we should not have 



86 WRITING LATIN 

been a match for them (to whom we should assuredly not 
have been equal) if Pompey had not undertaken the war 
just at the critical moment of that emergency. Now-if we 
had many commanders of (de) whom such things could be 
said, I should, perhaps, be making a different kind of 
(another) speech ; but as-it-is, since he is the only one who 
possesses (in whom there are) all the highest [qualifica- 
tions], ought we not to be ashamed if we allowed any one 
to hinder us from putting into his hands the conduct of 
(gerundive) this war ? 

EXERCISE XXXIV 
Manilian Law. D 

My remaining duty, apparently, is to say (it remains 
that it seems that I must say) a few [words] about pres- 
tige. For no one doubts that the estimate of our com- 
manders held by the enemy and our allies (what the 
enemy, what the allies think about our commanders) has 
an important bearing on the conduct of (gerundive) wars. 
You will ask, perhaps, what especially creates prestige. 
You yourselves, Quirites, in expressing (when you made) 
such flattering opinions about any man as [you have] 
about Pompey, by that very act created prestige. More- 
over, I am not in the least reluctant to (not unwillingly do 
I) remind you of this, because it is necessary to remember 
that this power resides in you, so that you may never (lest 
at any time) use it unwisely or rashly. For it is true that 
to whom much is given (perf. and pi.), of him much will 
be required (pres.). Accordingly, not to say more, I 
assure you that that Pompey possesses prestige in a 
degree attained by no commander (there is as much pres- 
tige in Pompey as in no commander) whose name and 



EXERCISES 87 

glory have lasted down to (usque ad) [the times within] 
our own recollection. For by the mere report of his 
renown he (who by mere name and rumor) delayed and 
checked the enemy's attacks ; [while] by his arrival he 
ended the war, once and for all (abolished and buried the 
war). And we have no need of many commanders ; there 
is one who by himself can guarantee the safety of (main- 
tain safe) the city, Italy, the commonwealth, the allies, 
and all the citizens. 

EXERCISE XXXV 
Manilian Law. E 

No one can guarantee good-fortune for (de) himself. 
Moreover, it is dangerous for human beings to talk too 
boldly about the power of the gods. But you have said 
that you remember the past, [and] hope [for] the future. 
Good (bene) : for I am sure the gods forgive you this 
[boldness] and will grant (give) you their indulgence. 
But do not either say or do anything except what can be 
both said and done with safety to yourself and the com- 
monwealth (with your ow^n safety, etc.). Also, [one] 
should always rather thank the gods for what they have 
done (because they have done) than complain of what 
(because) they have not done. And so I am not going 
to proclaim how fortunate I have been ; and all the more 
because we believe that to count one's blessings is essen- 
tially somewhat wrong (has in itself something of bad) and 
is displeasing to the gods. This is certainly what we have 
heard (so, surely, we have received) from our forefathers, 
and I hope, my son, that you will not depart from this 
way (dissent from this view). For a man (is) who grum- 
bles because he has no share in the blessinsrs which others 



88 WRITING LATIN 

are given is not himself fit to obtain what has not been 
given to the rest [of mankind]. Wherefore be sure to 
win your distinctions by the industrious habit (ratio) of 
your Kfe ; for there is no greater [piece of] good luck 
than this : to have both the abihty and the desire 
(that you may both be able, etc.) to work-hard. But 
he who will not toil, (pres. ind. : why .?), and only waits- 
to-see if some good [thing] is offered him, most assur- 
edly deserves to be hated by all good [men]. 

EXERCISE XXXVI 

Archias. A 

In (by) the (is) speech which he made for the poet 
Archias, Cicero promised that, as far as in him lay, he 
would bring both aid and deliverance to the man (is) from 
whom he had received that [power] whereby he could win 
some success as a speaker (win something in speaking) 
whenever he tried to defend the safety of friends or clients. 
He begged the judges to suffer him to speak with a little 
more freedom (a little more freely) [than was usual], and 
to employ a style of oratory (speaking) which was, some- 
what at variance with that customary in (the custom of) 
trials. This concession being granted him, he made them 
think that Archias ought to have been presented with citi- 
zenship even if he had not been a citizen. 

He began by saying (said first) that his-client (this) 
Archias belonged to a distinguished family (loco nobili 
natus) at Antioch, a very populous and wealthy city of 
Asia, and in that city had been a favorite with (pleasing 
to) the most learned men ; and that afterwards, when he had 
come to Rome, he had been treated with great respect by 
many (and) great men; next [he said] that he had been 



EXERCISES 89 

presented with citizenship by the Heracliots, and lastly 
that he had registered at Rome before a praetor, according 
to the law of Silvanus and Carbo, — the law that (which 
law) gave the citizenship to all who had had their [legal] 
residence in Italy and who should have registered before a 
praetor within sixty days. 

EXERCISE XXXVII , 

Archias. B 

What reason is there why you should entertain doubts 
(doubt) concerning my rights-as-a-citizen (citizenship)? 
For after I moved from Antioch, and not many years 
before I reached Rome, I had the good-fortune to become 
a citizen of Heraclea (won the fortune of citizenship at 
Heraclea) ; and therefore (on account of which thing) I 
am eligible to be enrolled [as] a Roman citizen under 
your laws. Nor is this the only reason why you should 
think that I ought to be admitted ; for, as far as in me lay, 
I devoted all my interest and all my talent to [the task of] 
publishing the glory of the Roman people. But if no one 
had ever taken the trouble to spread abroad the nation's 
fame, who knows whether that glory and fame would have 
reached^ as far as (eodem . . . quo) the weapons wielded 
by (of) your hands have penetrated ? Or are you really 
so mean-spirited as to think that it makes no difference to 
you whether foreign nations hear [of] these things, or not ? 
Wherefore I beg of you, jurors, rather to relieve m.e in-a- 
spirit-of-humanity (by your humanity) than wrong me 
through your severity. Then, whatever talent I possess, 

1 When the apodosis of a />as^ contrary to fact condition is a dependent 
clause, as here, it has the future participle with the perfect subjunctive of sum 
(-urus, -a, -um fuerim). No change is made in the apodosis of the present 
contrary fact condition under such circumstances. 



go WRITING LATIN 

whatever enthusiasm, whatever experience as a writer (of 
writing) proceeding (having set out) from [my] studies and 
training in the best branches-of-learning — all this I promise 
and proffer to you and all the citizens for glorifying the 
name of the Roman people. 

EXERCISE XXXVIII 
Archias. C 

Is there anything in life more to be coveted than praise 
and glory ? Do you consider it of more [importance] to 
get everything that you wish for, or to have brought relief 
to those who needed your assistance ? As for me (mihi 
quidem), to do good seems better than to be in the public 
eye (be gazed upon); nor do I reckon those deserving of 
honor who, whatever they do, think all must be done for 
their own benefit (for themselves). For this is of small 
worth, that you should be praised (inf.) by the lips 
(conversations) of men, if your deeds are hateful to the 
immortal gods ; nor can he be truthfully called (said) or 
considered fortunate who thinks it more important to have 
much (pi.) or to be eulogized by many than to live honor- 
ably. Such a man, indeed (autem), ought to be admon- 
ished that he has lost more than he has gained, for neither 
monuments nor triumphs are to be coveted unless he who 
has obtained them has benefited, not himself alone, but his 
fellow-citizens also. Therefore before you pray the gods 
for glory, you should pray that you may do your country 
good, and not interfere with any one's enjoyment of (hinder 
any one from enjoying) life, liberty, [and] property. 



EXERCISES 91 

EXERCISE XXXIX 

Archias. D 

How many men, how honorable [and] how distinguished, 
were said to have come with official evidence on account 
of this trial ! They did not suppose, but knew that 
Archias had been entered-on-the-lists at Heraclea. What 
precautions ^ did Cicero take (of how great diligence was 
Cicero), who thought nothing too hard to (harder than that 
he should) attempt, if only he could make the jurors under- 
stand that not only must Archias (use a pronoun) not be 
driven from the state, but that even if he had not been a 
citizen, he ought to have been most eagerly (summo studio) 
desired [as one] ! " Should not my-friend-here (hie),'* he 
said, *' who we know has reached the [degree of] reputa- 
tion enjoyed by (of) the classic (old) writers, [and] who 
ought, with perfect justice (by his own right), to be 
reckoned among those who by their writings have aided 
mankind (men) in the comprehension of (toward compre- 
hending) moral excellence, — [should not he] be pre- 
sented with citizenship by those whose deeds have been 
written about (impers. with de), when Sulla gave this prize 
to many who did not seek it (pres. part.)? Our fore- 
fathers were quick to honor (eagerly reverenced) those by 
whom [the fame of] the deeds which they had done could 
be spread abroad ; [and] shall we [men] of high principle, 
banish from the state a man possessing (abl. of quality) 
such talent as that ought to be considered whose owner 
(which), [as] you see, is sought after by so many (and so) 
great men ? Or do you say that you do not want your deeds 
written about ? You are truly very different from the 

1 Latin is very apt to use a connective, such as autem, vero, and the like, 
when a sentence is related in thought to the one preceding. 



92 WRITING LATIN 

great Marius, who, although he appeared somewhat indif- 
ferent to (ad) these matters, yet showed-honor-to Archias, 
because he understood that without the reward of praise 
and glory (the reward, etc., being withdrawn), there was 
no reason why he should exert himself in such toilsome 
enterprises (labors). 

EXERCISE XL 

Archias. E 

Are you not convinced, jurors, that a man of the (that) 
high-character which he possesses ought to be relieved in 
the spirit of (by) humanity rather than wronged through 
severity ? And yet, what harm can be done (what can be 
harmed) to him who really understands the art of right 
living.'* For whether you isolate yourself from other men 
(ceteri) that you may have more leisure (time) for pursu- 
ing the studies which belong to mental cultivation, or live 
(versor) where the crowds are thickest (in the most fre- 
quented places), you should not be much concerned about 
(consider of great importance) what others think or say 
about you, if only in your own heart (by your own feehng) 
you know that you are living virtuously. Some, it is true 
(quidem), are given to exulting (inf.) because they have 
the approval of (are praised by) others : it is of much 
more importance that one have his own approval (that 
you are praised by yourself). And yet there is no one 
living who, either because he employed his leisure wisely 
or because he could be persuaded neither by desire of 
pleasure nor by fear of pain to do anything but (nisi) 
what would benefit the country, has received (been af- 
fected by) such honor as Archias has had accorded him 
(as has been accorded to Archias) by all for his hav- 
ing (propter with perf. part.) treated of Roman history 



EXERCISES 93 

(res, pi.) in the most talented fashion (summo ingenio). 
For that genius ought not to be considered slight by which 
the deeds which we ourselves and our forefathers have 
done have been reported almost to the ends of the earth 
(farthest lands). "But," you will say (at enim), "this 
deals only with his talent (these about talent only); what 
can be said of his high-character, of which at the beginning 
of your speech you promised to give some account (set 
forth) .^" Look into [this], jurors, for this [question] 
does not seem to be asked without reason. I for my part 
am of the following opinion (so estimate), that no one can 
wholly devote his talents (talent cannot be entirely devoted 
by any one) to celebrating the best and noblest deeds unless 
there exists in him both the utmost inclination towards 
virtue (gen.) and [the deepest] detestation of wrong. 
Therefore I do not doubt that this man possesses both 
high character and many [other] qualities which are cor- 
rectly held [to be] the attendants of this [one], 

EXERCISE XLI 

Archias. F 

Once I heard a conversation which two very distin- 
guished and learned men were having about writing books. 
The first speaker (he who made a beginning of talking) 
said that one who wrote a good book deserved the greatest 
praise. To him (to whom) the other answered that the 
Greeks had well said that a great book was a great bore, 
and that not only was learning necessary (opus) in (ad) 
writing a book, but that the man who intended to devote 
himself to literary pursuits ought above all to be sure to 
exercise a certain degree of restraint in [his] writing, so 
as both to charm the reader (those who read) and most 



94 WRITING LATIN 

advantageously (best) to set forth what he wished to be 
understood. For books, [he said] like (sicut) men, were 
either loved or hated : one book would display (there 
would be in one book), as it were, a kind of serious air 
(seriousness); another would be wholly deficient in seri- 
ousness, doing (inf.) everything in a light-hearted way 
(lightly), while [yet] another would have a nature combin- 
ing (mixed from) [both of] these things. 

On another occasion (postea) one of those who were 
talking at that time, Marcus Cicero, said ia the presence 
of his brother, Quintus Cicero the praetor, that Archias 
deserved exceedingly well at-the-hands-of (de) the state; 
for once when he was writing he had devoted all his talent 
to celebrating its praise and glory. Had he not done 
this, probably we should not so easily have made all na- 
tions not only hear, but really understand that no power 
has ever existed anywhere so wonderful as [that] of the 
Roman people. 

EXERCISE XLII 
Catiline 

By [his own] inclination Catiline was impelled toward 
the basest deeds. For unless he had experienced a certain 
satisfaction in enduring cold, thirst, [and] hunger, I can- 
not but think that he would have been deterred from 
assuming such great risks [as he did], and permitting him- 
self to be hateful in the eyes of all decent men (boni). 
For it is not to be disguised that for some men a kind of 
pleasure resides in danger itself, as though their very safety 
were sweeter when procured by escaping death. And yet 
Catiline's corps was not to be despised in comparison with 
the army of the Roman people — [a force] gathered from 
old men devoid of hope, from bandits, and the other ruined 



EXERCISES 95 

men whom Cicero mentions in his speeches ^ against Cati- 
line. For when the battle was done (facio), then one ^ 
might easily have discerned what (quantus : why ?) daring 
and what an indomitable spirit (force of spirit) there was 
in Catihne's army. For it is a well-authenticated fact that 
no one had deserted the spot (place) which he had chosen 
(taken) [for fighting,] or had received wounds except in 
front. Wherever resistance was necessary (it was to be 
resisted), there they resisted the Romans ; they obeyed him 
whom it was their duty to obey (2d periphrastic), even 
though (if) they could have saved their lives (sing.) by 
running away. And the army of the commonwealth could 
not feel (credo) that it had won until all Catiline's men 
(milites) were either slain or taken prisoner, for none of 
them refused to die fighting (either cum clause or pres. 
part.) for his commander. 

EXERCISE XLIII 

The Eastern Peril 

When the people had gathered in the Forum (ace. : 
why ?), they heard with deep (great) concern how Mithri- 
dates was exulting in the victory which he had won 
(reporto, i) over (ab) Lucullus. For when all had sup- 
posed that he lay prostrate, so to speak, suddenly, contrary 
to [the general] expectation, word was brought that he 
had routed our veteran army (abl. abs.) [and] was besieg- 
ing with immense forces a city belonging to the alUes. 
Accordingly Cicero assured [them] that a fresh commander, 
thoroughly experienced (sup.) in warfare, must be de- 
spatched to those parts as quickly as possible, if they 

1 Say " speeches made (habeo) against," etc., because of the rarity with 
which, in Latin, prepositional phrases modify nouns. 

2 Use the 2d pers. sing., with the impf. subj. (*' indefinite second person"). 



96 WRITING LATIN 

wished to rescue their surest revenues from [the jaws of] 
the enemy, [saying] that [it was] beyond question [that] 
the King, [though] lately he-had-met-with-severe-reverses 
(afllictus) was now taking heart, while (vero) he always, 
maddened by hatred for (in or erga with ace.) the Roman 
nation, had done it harm as far as he had been able, and had 
tried to prevent it from being active (versor) in Asia at all. 
There was danger, [he went on to say], that (ne) he would 
ravage the homes of the allies with fire and sword, unless 
this help were sent them at once. But as when a con- 
spiracy, formed (habeo) by citizens [and] long concealed, 
at length was plainly detected so that it was possible to 
fight (it could be fought) in the open, so Mithridates* 
designs could now be clearly seen and perceived, [with 
the result] that all could understand how great a peril 
must be withstood. 

EXERCISE XLIV 

The Character of Cicero 

Who doubts that Cicero had a love of glory, too keen, 
perhaps, but still creditable ? For he had laid away, deep 
in his inmost soul (mind and soul*: dat.) the words of phi- 
losophers, who affirmed that nothing in life was greatly 
worth striving for (gerundive) save esteem and honor. 
And so he admitted that he was always actuated by the 
desire of esteem. I, who myself have often heard his 
speeches, remember his saying ^ that all the best men were 
powerfully attracted by [the prospect of] glory. And that 
glory was not sought from the living alone, for it is certain 
that he hoped that even after his death he should not be 
unconscious (there would not be absent from his conscious- 

1 Pres. inf. of a personal recollection. 



EXERCISES 97 

ness) what people should be saying about the deeds which 
in his consulship he had done for the commonwealth. 
For he had banished from the city Catiline, a man of 
criminal impulses (an author of crime), with the intention 
that the citizens to a man might realize that he had plotted 
against the commonwealth. And it was not his fault but 
[that] of circumstances (the times) if there were [men] 
to reproach him bitterly because he had not rather arrested 
so deadly (capitalis) a foe than let him go. For the 
majority, as if buried in (by) slumber, or like (as if) men 
who had drunk too much wine, either feigned not to see 
(dissembled) what they did see, or deemed Catiline's forces 
contemptible (gerundive of contemnere) in-comparison-with 
the Roman armies, or on account of debt despaired of 
their deliverance unless through this atrocious league of 
Catiline's they should be able to gain power and office 
(pi.), whereby (by which) they might obtain (comparare) 
a large-amount-of (great) money. 

EXERCISE XLV 

Concerning Old Age 

Before writing, in the book which you intend to publish, 
that old age is wretched, will you not hear what Cicero, 
who was a profound philosopher (a man surely very 
wise), said of old age ? For he thinks that old men, 
•albeit they do not have the physical strength of youth(s), 
nevertheless are so strong in [point of] counsel and 
authority that they can accomplish more than they ever 
could by their bodily powers. He told his friends that one 
must resist old age (impers.), take (use) exercise (pi.), and 
use (adhibere) so much food that their strength should be 
revived, not injured (opprimere). Moreover, what friends 



98 WRITING LATIN 

do we love as much as [we do] those with whom we have 
been intimate through [the course of] a long life; or what 
could be more delightful than, released from responsi- 
biUties, to recall the deeds which we did in our prime (as 
young men) and to know that we have used our whole 
lifetime well and wisely? [One] who has never done 
a base deed (anything base), [who has] governed his 
household with justice (justly), recalled striplings from 
their folly, delivered his native land out of the hands of 
the enemy, [and] always, as far as he could, done his 
duty (what he ought) — should not he (is) be called truly 
happy, and not at all an object of commiseration (pitiable) ? 
For my part, if by any means I reach this time of life, I 
hope so to live that I may look back upon my life as [one] 
who has come to the end of a journey which, while it 
lacked neither suffering nor perils, nevertheless has been 
at the same time full of pleasures, of services which I have 
performed for others, [and] of kindnesses which I have 
received from others. Thus, surely, old age must neither 
be reckoned among [our] misfortunes, nor the rest which 
it brings looked on with apprehension (dreaded) for-fear- 
that (ne) it may suffer pain from [the recollection of] a 
a life [which has] not [been] led wisely (after the manner 
of a wise [man]). 

EXERCISE XLVI 

The Claims of Pompey 

That man ought not to be without a share in the glory 
of a commander who helped him to obtain (ad with ge- 
rundive) that glory. Therefore those should be resisted 
who say that Pompey is not competent to take to this war 
as his second-in-command the one (is) who in his earlier 



EXERCISES 99 

campaigns made it possible for him to (brought it to pass 
that he should) have so powerful (so great) a fleet that the 
enemy, who had formerly flaunted themselves before the 
Tiber's mouth(s), now could be found nowhere within the 
Mediterranean (in the sea). What do you think he could 
have done had he not then been given a sufficient force ? 
Or by what means, with fewer troops, could he have de- 
feated so many of the enemy on land and sea ? I have 
recalled these matters to you (admonished you concerning 
these things) unwillingly, Quirites, because I know that 
there are some who do not wish too much power to be 
committed to one man; but if, however, there is [just] one 
who possesses all the highest [qualifications], if he is the 
only one whom the enemy fears, the citizens love, [and] 
the allies want, and if there is no one else who by his own 
experience as a commander (his own commands), and by 
bringing campaigns to a fortunate conclusion (wars fortu- 
nately ended) is as well trained as Pompey for conducting 
all [our enterprises], why should we not gladly accept this 
great (so great) blessing which has been given us by the 
immortal gods? Yes (vero, postpos.), we should feel 
grateful to them (to whom we should feel, etc.) for having 
already delayed the enemy's attacks so often, before we 
were ready to decide whom to send to those parts (regions) 
in defense of our safety. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES =^ 



VOCABULARY I 

Nouns 

approbation, renown, laus, laudis, / 

authority, auctoritas, -atis,/ 

citizen, cTvis, -is, m. 

city, urbs, urbis, yC 

commonwealth, res publica, rei 
publicae,y.' 

companion, comes, -itis, ;;/. 

consul, c5nsul, -ulis, in. 

country {jiative land), patria, -ae, / 

enemy {public), hostis, -is, m.j gener- 
ally ui the pi. 

father, pater, -tris, m. 

friend, amicus, -i, m. 

general, imperator, -oris, m. 

honor, office (^public), honos (honor), 
-oris, ;;/. 

land, terra, -2iQ, f. 

man {male), vir, viri, m. 

measure, consilium, -T, «. 

penalty, poena, -ae, f, 

praetor, praetor, -oris, m, 

senate, senatus, -us, m. 

town, oppidum, -i, n. 

weapons, arma, -orum, n. pi, 

woman, mulier, -eris,yC 

Pronouns 
he, she, it, they, is, ea, id. 
himself, herself, itself, themselves, 

suT, sibi, etc. 

his, her, hers, its, their, theirs, {re- 
ferring to the subject) suus, -a, -um ; 
{not refer rijtg to the subject) gen. of 
is, ille, etc. 

I, ego, mei. 

that, is, ea, id ; ille, -a, -ud. 

this, hic, haec, hoc; (^especially when 
qualified by a rel. clause, or re- 
ferring to so?nething not associated 
with the speaker), is, ea, id. 



who, which, what, that {rel.)y qui, 
quae, quod. 

Adjectives 
all, omnis, -e. 
beautiful, handsome, pulcher, -chra, 

-chrum. 
good, bonus, -a, -um. 
great, magnus, -a, -um. 
many, much, multus, -a, -um. 
Roman, Romanus, -a, -um. 
safe, tiitus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
assign, tribuo, -ere, -uT, -utum. 
be, sum, esse, fuT, futurus. 
bestow, mando, -are, -avi, -atum. 
call, appello, -are, -avi, -atum; voc5, 

-are, -avi, -atum. 
elect, creo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
enjoin, praecipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 
give, do, dare, dedi, datum. 
give up, hand over, trado, -ere, -did!, 

-ditum. 
join, adiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum. 
owe, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
pay, pendo, -ere, pependT, pensum. 
praise, laudd, -are, -avT, -atum. 
render, return, reddo, -ere, -didi, 

-ditum. 
save, servo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
surrender, dedo, -ere, -didl, -ditum. 

Adverbs 

afterwards, postea. 

also, too, quoque (^postpositive) ; 
etiam. 

and {simple coniiective) , et ; {com- 
bines into a group), -qvL^, postpos. ; 
{e7)iphasizes following expressioit), 
atque (ac) ; both . . . and, et 
. . . et. 

equally, pariter. 



* Proper names will be found only in the General Vocabulary. 

lOI 



102 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



not, non. 

formerly, antea, quondam. 

neither . . . nor, neque (nee) . . . 

neque (nee). 
nor, and . . . not, neque (nee). 
once, formerly, quondam. 
very, express by superlative. 
why, eur. 

Preposition 

by (of the agent) y a, ab, with abl. 

Idioms 

The use of -ne, nonne, and num may 
be thus illustrated : Are they brave ? 
Suntne fortes ? Are they not 
brave? Nonne fortes sunt? They 
are not brave, are they ? Num 
fortes sunt ? 

VOCABULARY II 

Nouns 

art, ars, artis,/ 
bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
camp, eastra, -orum, n. pi. 
commander, dux, dueis, in.^ imperator, 

-oris, m. 
commendation, laus, laudis,/ 
custom, mos, moris, m, 
dominion, imperium, -T, n, 
care, eura, -ae,/ 
eagerness, zeal, studium, -I, n. 
forces, eopiae, -arum, f pi. For a 

military force, in the sing, use 

praesidium, manus, exereitus, etc. 
fortification, munltio, -onis,/ 
friendship, amieitia, -ae,/. 
horseman, eques, -itis, m. 
letter, littera, -ae, f In the sing, it 

means a letter of the alphabet; in 

the pi., an epistle. 
mind, animus, -i, m. 
Opinion, view, sententia, -ae,/ 
peace, pax, paeis, / 
pleasure, voluptas, -atis,/ 
risk, perTeulum, -i, n. 
state, eivitas, -atis,/ 
terms, eondieio, -onis,/ 
war, warfare, bellum, -I, n. 
way, manner, modus, -i, m. 



Pronouns 

he, she, it, ille, -a, -ud, for emphasis 

or to 7?tark a cha^ige of subject. 
this, hie, haee, hoe. 

Adjectives 

highest {of degree), utmost, summus, 

-a, -um, sup. ^/superus. 
new, novus, -a, -um. 
no, nullus, -a, -um. 
our, ours, noster, -tra, -trum. 
own, express by possessive, 2vith or 

without the gen. d/ipse. 
tranquil, aequus, -a, -um. 
two hundred, ducenti, -ae, -a. 

Verbs 

ask, rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, with two 

aces. 
defend, defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum, 

with ab a7td abl. 
die, morior, mori, mortuus sum. 
do, faeio, -ere, feel, faetum. 
hear, audio, -Ire, -ivT, -itum. 
lay siege to, besiege, oppugn5, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
lead across, tradueo, -ere, -duxi, ' 

-duetum, ivith two aces. 
live, VIVO, -ere, vixi. 
establish, eonfirmo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
say, tell, dTe5, -ere, dixT, dietum. 
set out, start, profiefseor, -i, -feetus 

sum. 
struggle, eontend5, -ere, -tendl, -ten- 

tum. 
teach, doeeo, -ere, -uT, doetum, with 

two aces. 
write, serTbo, -ere, seripsT, seriptum. 

Adverbs 

always, semper. 

formerly, quondam, antea, 

gladly, libenter. 

here, hie. 

how (with verbs), quo mod5 ; quern 

ad modum. 
no longer, non iam. 
rightly, iure. 
soon, mox. 
where, ubi. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



103 



Prepositions 

according to, a sign of the abl.y with 
07' without ex. See gratnmar. 

under {^of place) ^ sub, with abl. after 
verbs of restj ace. after verbs of ??to- 
tion; (^of circumstance), express by 
abl, 

with, cum, with abl. 

without, sine, with abl. 



either 



Conjunction 

. or, aut . . . aut. 



Idioms 

accord, of my, your, his, etc, own, 

mea, tua, sua, etc, sponte. 
full meeting of the senate, senatus 

frequentissimus. 
pitch camp, castra pon5, -ere, posui, 

positum. 
wage war against, bellum gero, -ere, 

gessi, gestum, with cum and abl. 

VOCABULARY III 

Nouns 

army, exercitus, -us, m. 

children {of free parents), liberi, 

-orum, f?i. pL 
citizenship, civitas, -atis,/ 
daughter, filia, -ae, / 
king, rex, regis, ??i. 
law, lex, legis, /. 
manner, way, modus, -1, m, 
peril, periculum, -1, n, 
place, locus, -1, m. 
private enemy, foe, etc., inimicus, 

-1, m. 
river, fluraen, -inis, n. 
sight, conspectus, -us, m, 
soldier, miles, -itis, m. 
wife, coniunx, -iugis, f The same 

word, properly '■^ spouse^ is also 

used in the viasc, with the meaning 

''husband:' 

Pronoxms 

mine, my, meus, -a, -um. 

who, which, what, quis, quid. When 
used as an adj. the form is the same 
as the re I., qui, quae, quod. 



Adjectives 

any, ullus, -a, -um, usually in neg, 
sentences or those implying a neg. 

hostile, infestus, -a, -um. 

how many, quot, indecl. 

like, similis, -e. 

nearer, propior, -ius, sup. proximus, 
-a, -um, no pos. 

other, another, alius, -a, -ud. 

pleasant, iucundus, -a, -um. 

suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. 

two, duo, -ae, -o. 

Verbs 

appease, placo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
approach, appropinquo, -are, -avi, 

-atum, with dat. 
ask one's advice, consulo, -ere, -uT, 

consultum, with ace of the person 

consulted. 
believe, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 

with dat. 
benefit, prosum, prodesse, pr5fui, 

profutiirus, with dat. 
carry on, gero, -ere, gessT, gestum. 
do harm, noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, with 

dat. 
envy, invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum, 

with dat. 
fail, desum, -esse, -fuT, -futurum, with 

dat. 
favor, faveo, -ere, favi, with dat. 
have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
lead, duc5, -ere, duxi, ductum. 
look out for the interests or welfare 

of anyone, c5nsulo, -ere, -uT, con- 
sultum, with dat. of the person 

benefited. 
obey, pareo, -ere, -uT, with dat. 
pardon, ignosco, -ere, -novl, -notum, 

with dat. 
place in command, praeficio, -ere, 

-feci, -fectum, 7vith ace of the person 

appointed and dat. of that over which 

he is placed. 
please, be pleasing to, placeo, -ere, 

-uT, -itum, with dat. 
present, dono, -are, -avT, -atum, with 

dat. and ace, or ace and abl. 
resist, resist 5, -ere, -stiti, with dat. 
see, video, -ere, vidi, visum. 



104 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



seeTrif passive of video. 

serve, servio, -ire, -ivT, -itum, wit/i dat. 

spare, parc5, -ere, peperci, parsum, 

with dat, 
surround, circumd5, -are, -dedi, 

-datum, with dat. and ace, or ace. 

and abl. 
threaten, immineo, -ere, with dat,; 

impendeo, -ere, with dat. 
trust, confido, -ere, confisus sum, 

with dat. 

Adverbs 
ever, umquam. 
never, numquam. 
not at all, minime. 
otherwise, aliter. 
particularly, maxime. 

Conjunctions 

for, nam, particularly to justify a 
preceding state??tefit ; enim, post- 
positive. 

however, but, moreover, autem, post- 
positive. 

Idioms 

belong to : express by gen. or a pos- 
sessive adj. 

desire a revolution, novls rebus 
studeo, -ere, -uT. 

feel gratitude towards, feel grateful 
to, gratiam habeo, -ere, -uT, -itum, 
with dat. 

fellow-citizens, my, your, his, etc., 
Gives mei, tuT, suT, etc. 

sympathize with, sentio, -Ire, sensT, 
sensum, with cum and abl. 

VOCABULARY IV 

Nouns 
brother, frater, -tris, m. 
cavalry, equitatus, -us, w., or the pi. 

^/"eques, -itis, m., "horseman." 
chief, princeps, -ipis, m. 
children, {of free parents^ iTberT, 

-orum, m. pi. ; {general word) 

puerT, -orum, ??i. pi. 
day, dies, -el, 7n. and f ; two days, 

biduum, -T, n. ; three days, trl- 

duum, -T, n. 
daybreak, at, prima luce, abl. f. 



embassy, office of ambassador, le- 

gatio, -onis,y^ 
god, deus, -T, ;;/. 
help, auxilium, -T, n. 
hour, hora, -ae,/ 

inconvenience, impedlmentum, -I, n. 
legion, legio, -onis,/ 
mile, mille passus, m.; pi. mTlia 

passuum. 
month, mensis, -is, m. 
night, nox, -ctis,/ 
nothing, nihil, n,, indecl. 
people {natio7i), populus, -T, m» 
present, munus, -eris, n. 
protection, praesidium, -T, n. 
reinforcement, subsidium, -i, n. 
safety, salus, -utis,/. 
shield, scutum, -i, n. 
statue, statua, -ae,/ 
summer, aestas, -atis,/ 
time, tempus, -oris, n, 
use, iisus, -us, m. 
winter, hiems, -emis,/ 
year, annus, -T, in. 

Adjectives 
charming, (pleasant), iucundus, -a, 

-um. 
one, unus, -a, -um. 
small, parvus, -a, -um. 
thirty, triginta, indecl. 
three, tres, tria. 
twenty, vTgintl, indecl. 
whole, totus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
accomplish, confici5, -ere, -feci, 

-fectum. 
go, eo, ire, ii, itum. 
leave, relinqu5, -ere, -liquT, -lictum. 
speak, (say, tell), dlco, -ere, dixi, 

dictum ; {converse) loquor, -i, lo- 

cutus sum. 
send, mitto, -ere, misi, missum. 
stay, maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum. 
undertake, suscipio, -ere, -cepT, 

-ceptum ; take upon oneself, mihi, 

tibi, sibi, etc., suscipio. 

Adverbs 
at least, quidem, postpositive. 
once, olim {cf quondam). 
nevertheless, tamen. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



105 



Preposition 
in, on, at, in, with abL 

Idioms 
here and there in, per, with ace. 
have many conversations with, 

saepe loquor, -T, locutus sum, with 

cum and abl. 
in early youth, prima adulescentia. 
in early spring, ineunte vera (ver, 

veris, w.). 
in recent years, per hos {or hosce) 

aimos. 

not only ... but also, non | "^^"^^ 

solum 



sed 



etiam. 



VOCABULARY V 

Nouns 
advantage, usus, -us, ;;/. 
anxiety, worry, ciira, -ae, / 
country {in contrast to the eity\ rus, 

ruris, n, 
evening, vesper, -eris and -eri, m. 
home, domus, -us,yC 
occasion, tempus, -oris, n. 
senate-house, curia, -a.e,/. 
senators, patres conscript!, m. pi. 
ship, navis, -is,/". 
watch, vigilia, -ae, / 

Pronouns 

anyone, anything, quisquam, quid- 
quam or quicquam ; usually in 
negative clauses or those iinplying a 
negative. 

both, each {of two'), uterque, utraque, 
utrumque; {collectively) ambo, 
-ae, -5. 

himself, herself, etc., ipse, -a, -um, 
intensive. 

none, nemo. Instead of the gen. and 
abl. ne minis a7id nemine, nullius 
and nullo are to be used. Nillli 
may also be used as a pltiral of 
nem5 ; as, " nuUi inventi sunt." 

Adjectives 
delightful, iucundus, -a, -um. 
earlier, prior, prius. 



empty, vacuus, -a, -um, with ab 

and abl. 
fifth, quintus, -a, -um. 
fourth, quartus, -a, -um. 
free, iTber, -era, -erum, with abl. 
friendly, amicus, -a, -um. 
short, brevis, -e. 
tenth, decimus, -a, -um. 
unfriendly, Infestus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 

arrive at, reach, pervenio, -Ire, -veni, 
-ventum, with ad and ace, or the ace, 
alone of words like domus, etc. 

charm, delight, delecto, -are, -avi, 
-atum, with ace. 

come, venio, -Ire, venI, ventum. 

deprive, privo, -are, -avi, -atum, ivith 
ace. and abl. 

free, llbero, -are, -avi, -atum, with 
ace. and abl. 

gather, convenio, -Ire, -venI, -ventum, 
with in and ace. of the place of meet- 
ing, or the ace. alone of words like 
domus, etc. 

harm, injure, noceo, -ere, -ul, -itum, 
with dat. 

lack, careo, -ere, -uI, -itum, with abl, 

leave ... for : see set out, voc. ii. 

receive, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. 

return, revertor, -I, -versus sum. In 
the perfect tenses, the act. forms re- 
vert!, reverteram, etc. are regular, 

rob, spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, with ace, 
and abl. 

side with, help, adiuv5, -are, -iuvl, 
-iutum, with ace. 

summon, voc5 or convoco^ -are, -avi, 
-atum, with in and ace. of the place 
of 77ieeting^ or ace, alone of words 
like domus, etc, 

take from, adimo, -ere, -emi, -emp- 
tum, tvith dat. of person deprived. 

usher in, intr5duc6, -ere, -diixi, -duc- 
tum. 

Adverbs 

fiercely, acriter. 

first . . . then . . . finally, primum 
. . . deinde . . . denique. 

from here, hence, hinc. 

here, {in this place) hic ; {to this 
place, hither) hue. 



io6 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



long, diu. 

now, (^particularly with the idea of 
cMlniinatiofi) iam ; (^absolutely^ or 
in contrast ivith an earlier situa- 
tion) nunc. 

previously, antea. 

right on, usque. 

then, turn ; deinde ; the latter, par- 
ticularly of a series » 

there, ibi. 

Prepositions 

about, during, de, with abl. 
from, ab ; ex ; de, with abl, 
to, in ; ad, with ace. 
until, till, ad J with ace. 

Idioms 

late at night, multa nocte ; till late 

at night, ad multam noctem. 
take under the protection of the 

state, in fidem publicam recipio, 

-ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 
unperturbed, aequ5 anim5. 
want a change of government, 

(desire a revolution), novis rebus 

studeo, -ere, -ui. 

VOCABULARY VI 

Nouns 

avarice, greed, avaritia, -ae,/ 
class, kind, stock, genus, -eris, n. 
courage, capacity, virtus, -iitis,/. 
circumstance, res, rei, / 
country {as the possession of the 

people), res publica, rel publicae,// 

never in pi. 
crime, scelus, -eris, n. 
debt, aes alienum, aeris alien!, n. 
eagle, aquila, -2,^,f 
envy, invidia, -ae,yi 
fear, metus, -us, m. 
gold, aurum, -i, n. 
good fortune, fortuna, -ae,yC 
hill, collis, -is, ni. 
iron, ferrum, -I, n. 
juror, iudex, -icis, m. 
knowledge, scientia, -ae,/ 
modesty, pudor, -oris, m. 
nobody, no one, see none, voc. v. 
ornament, trinket, omamentum, -i, n. 



region, regio, -onis,/ 
personality, auctoritas, -atis, / . 
quantity, vTs, vis,/ {lit. ^^force^^), 
retreat, fuga, -ae,/ 
robbery, latrocinium, -T, n. 
seriousness, gravitas, -atis,/ 
silver, argentum, -i, n. 
spear, pilum, -i., n. 
strength {bodily,), the pi. of vis, 

vis,/ 
sword, gladius, -T, 7n. 
tree, arbor, -oris,/ 
voyage, cursus, -us, m. 

Pronoun 

each, every, quisque, quaeque, quid- 
que ; and adj., quodque. 

Adjectives 

descended, ortus, -a, -um {part, of 

orior). 
equal, par, paris. 
extraordinary, eximius, -a, -um. 
forty-nine, undequinquaginta. 
golden, aureus, -a, -um. 
illustrious, clarus, -a, um. 
noble, amplus, -a, -um. 
silver, argenteus, -a, -um. 
surpassing, egregius, -a, -um. 
unique, singularis, -e. 
unpatriotic, impius, -a, -um. 

Verbs 

abandon, relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum. 
agitate, concito, -are, -avT, -atum. 
be born, nascor, -T, natus sum. 
be of service, prosum, prodesse, pro- 

fuT, profuturus, 2vith dat. 
find, invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. 
leave unharmed, servo, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
overwhelm, prem5, -ere, pressT, pres- 

sum. 
put to death, kill, interfici5, -ere, 

-feci, -fectum. 
rejoice, exsulto, -are, -avI, -atum. 
send on, praemitt5, -ere, -misT, 

-missum. 
sway, influence, permove6,-ere,-m5vT, 

-motum. 
wear, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



107 



Adverbs 
almost, paene. 
least, minime. 
often, saepe. 
powerfully, maxime. 

Prepositions 

because of, ob or propter with accy 
07' use the abl. of cause. See gram- 
mar. 

Idioms 

of this kind, eius modi. 

remember, memoria teneo, -ere, -uT 
(/iV. " hold in remembrance "). 

that famous, the well-known, etc. 
ilia, -a, -ud, placed after the modified 
word, 

VOCABULARY VII 

Nouns 
act, factum, -1, «. 
burning, incendium, -1, n. 
cultivation, humanitas, -atis,/ 
esteem, laus, laudis,yC 
good counsel, consilium, -T, n, 
journey, iter, itineris, w. 
judge, iudex, -icis, w. 
justice, iustitia, -ae,/ 
misfortune, calamitas, -atis,/ 
money, pecunia, -ae,/ 
penalty, supplicium, -T, n. 
position of authority, imperium, -T, n. 
three days, trlduum, -1, n. 
villainy, facinus, -oris, n, 
worth (j>ersonal), virtus, -utis,/ 

Adjectives 
brave, fortis, -e. 

covetous, avidus, -a, -um, with gen. 
deserving, worthy, dignus, -a, -um, 

7uith abl. 
eager, cupidus, -a, -um, with gen. 
experienced, perltus, -a, -um, with gen. 
five, quTnque, indecl. 
full, plenus, -a, -um, with gen. 
just, iustus, -a, -um. 
more, plus, pluris. 
own, proprius, -a, -um, 
severe, gravis, -e. 
so great, such, tantus, -a, -um. 
third, tertius, -a, -um. 



Verbs 
abide, maneo, -ere, mansT, mansum. 
accuse, charge, acciiso, -are, -avl, 

-atum, with gen. of the charge. 
affect, adficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 
ashamed, be, pudet, -ere, -uit, impers., 

with ace. of the person and gen. of the 

thing, or inf. 
away, be, absum, -esse, afuT, afutiirus. 
declare, or pronounce guilty, damno, 

-are, -avT, -atum, with gen. of the 

charge. 
deem, duco, -ere, duxi, ductum. 
engage in conflict, conflTg5, -ere, 

-flixi, -flictum. 
forget, be forgetful of, oblivlscor, -I, 

oblitus sum, tuith gen. or ace. 
it interests, it is to one's interest, it 

concerns, it affects, interest or re- 

fert, luith the gen. of noufts, or mea, 

tua, sua, nostra, vestra, instead of the 

correspoftding personal pronouns. 
keep, safe, servo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
quarrel, concerto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
raise, effer5, -ferre, extulT, elatum. 
remember, memini, -isse, with gen. 

or ace. 
render {give), tribuo, -ere, -uT, -iitum. 
repent, paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., 

with ace. of the person and gen. of 

the thing. 
suffer (^of fnisfortunes), accipio, -ere, 

-cepi, -ceptum. 

Adverbs 
far, longe. 
less, minus. 

little, a {with comparatives) ^ paul5. 
more, magis. 

much {with co?nparaiives), multo. 
than, quam, or tise the abl. 

Idioms 

former, the, ille, -a, -ud. 

latter, the, hlc, haec, hoc. 

lay all responsibility on, omnia 
tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, with dat. 

obedient, audiens dicto, with dat. 

older, maior natu. 

patriotic, patriae amans. 

the . . . the . . . {with expressions 
of comparison ), quo . . . eo . . ., 
or quanto . . . tanto .... 



io8 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



VOCABULARY VIII 

Nouns 
accomplice, socius, -i, ;;/. 
attack, impetus, -us, w. 
body, corpus, -oris, n, 
case, causa, -2^Qyf. 
conspirator, coniuratus, -T, m. 
consulship, consulatus, -us, m, 
daring, audacia, -ae,/ 
diligence, diligentia, -ae,/ 
favor, beneficium, -i, n, 
gate, porta, -ae,/ 
glory, laus, laudis,/ 
heap, acervus, -i, w. 
house, domus, -us,/ 
leader, dux, ducis, i7i, 
life, vita, -2i^,f. 

mental ability, consilium, -T, n. 
midnight, nox media, noctis mediae,/ 
part, direction, pars, partis, / 
price, pretium, -T, «. 
punishment, poena, -ae,/ 
robber, latro, -onis, in, 
stock, c5pia, -2iQ,f. 
swamp, palus, -iidis,/ 
wound, vulnus, -eris, n. 

Pronouns 

each (^of two), uterque, utraque 

utrumque. 
which {oftwo\ uter, -tra, -trum. 
your, yours {of one person) ^ tuus, -a, 

-um; {of more than one), vester, 

-tra, -trum. 

Adjectives 

befitting, dignus, -a, -um, zuith abl, 

conflicting, contrarius, -a, -um. 

courageous, fortis, -e. 

exhausted, confectus, -a, -um. 

favored with, adfectus, -a, -um, with 
abL 

few, only a few, paucl, -ae, -a. 

first, primus, -a, -um. 

floundering, impeditus, -a, -um. 

glorious, praeclarus, -a, -um. 

honorable {i.e., coitferring honor)., 
amplus, -a, -um. 

large, magnus, -a, -um. 

middle of, medius, -a, -um, in agree- 
ment with word modified. 



rest of, reliquus, -a, -um, in agreement 

with word modified. 
SO many, tot, inded. 
some, nonnullT, -ae, -a. 
thousand, mille, in sing, indecl. ; in 

pi. milia, -ium, n. 
top of, summus, -a, -um, in agreement 

with word modified. 

Verbs 
arrest, comprehends, -ere, -hendi, 

-hensum. 
await, exspect5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
be distant, absum, -esse, aful, afutii- 

rus, with ab aitd abl. 
contend, contend©, -ere, -tendi, -ten- 

tum. 
enjoy, fruor, -T, friictus sum, with abl. 
enter into or upon, ingredior, -i, 

-gressus sum, with in and ace. 
escape, effugio, -ere, -fugi. 
flee, fugio, -ere, -fugi. 
force out of, eicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 

with ex and abl. 
gain possession of, potior, -Irl, -itus 

sum, with abl. 
get ready, comparo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
give chase to, persequor, -T, -secutus 

sum. 
kill, murder, slay, interficio, -ere, 

-feci, -fectum ; neco, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
meet {intrans.), convenio, -ire, -venT, 

-ventum, with in and ace. 
need, require, opus est, with abl. of 

thing needed and dat. of person 

needing. 
surround {intrans.), circumvenio, 

-ire, -veni, -ventum. 
use, Titor, -i, usus sum, with abl. 

Adverbs 
as yet {till now), adhuc. 
at once, statim. 
cruelly, crudeliter. 
lately, nuper. 
long, diu. 
more, amplius. 
nearly, paene. 
not yet, nondum. 

too little, parum, also used as stibst. 
zvith part. gen. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



109 



too much, nimis, also tised as subst. 

with part. gen. 
valiantly, fortiter. 

Prepositions 
amid, inter, with ace. 
at {of place), in with abl.j or the loc. 

of certa in words ; {of direction ) , ad 

or in with ace, 
into, in with ace. 
Upon {of place), in with all.; {also 

expressed by dat. after certain verbs). 

Conjunction 
but, sed. 

Interjection 
oh, 0. 

Idioms 
be the first to, model : they were the 

first to come, primi venerunt. 
some . . . others, alii . . . alii. 
the one . . . the other, alter . . . alter. 
with each other, inter se. 

VOCABULARY IX 

Nouns 
anxiety, timor, -oris, ni. 
exile, exsilium, -T, n. 
guard, praesidium, -1, n. 
joy, laetitia, -2,0., f 
killing, caedes, -is,/ 
leniency, lenitas, -atis,/ 
limit, finis, -is, m. 
madness, furor, -oris, ;;/. 
means, ratio, -onis,/ 
plan, consilium, -1, n. 
thing, res, rel,/ 
woe, dolor, -oris, m. 

Adjectives 
farthest limit of, extremus, -a, -um, 

in agreement with word 7?iodified. 
nocturnal, noctumus, -a, -um. 
true, verus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
admire, admlror, -arl, -atus sum. 
arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -hendi, 

-hensum. 
cast down, abicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum. 
censure, reprehendo, -ere, -hendl, 

-hensum. 



decree, decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum. 

deserve, mereo, -ere, -uT, -itum, and 
mereor, -eri, -itus sum. 

display, iacto, -are, -avi, -atum. 

disturb, moveo, -ere, movT, m5tum. 

esteem, diligo, -ere, -lexT, -Iectum. 

help, adiuvo, -are, -iiivi, -iutum. 

follow, sequor, -1, secutus sum. 

give pleasure to, delecto, -are, -avT, 
-atum. 

let go, dlmitto, -ere, -mis!, -missum. 

perceive, sentio, -Ire, sens!, sensum. 

place in charge of, praeficio, -ere, 
-feci, -fectum, with ace. and dat. 

protect, defends, -ere, -fendi, -fen- 
sum, with ab and abl. 

say, inquam, inquis, inquit, inquiunt, 
introducing a direct quotation. 

thrill, permoveo, -ere, -movT, -m5tum. 

withhold, detrah5, -ere, -traxT, -trac- 
tum, with ace, and de or ex and abl. 

Adverbs 
clearly, plane. 
courageously, fortiter. 
daily, cot! die. 
diligently, dlligenter. 
even {i.e., ^^ all the way''''), usque, 
justly, iure. 
next, deinde. 
or not {in direct questions), annon ; 

{in indirect questions), nonne. 
really, vere. 
wherefore, qua re. 

Conjunction 

or {in alternative questions), an. 

Idiom 
form a plan, consilium capio, -ere, 
cepT, captum. 

VOCABULARY X 

Nouns 
ambassador, envoy, legatus, -T, m, 
attempt, con atus, -us, vi. 
crisis, discrimen, -inis, n. 
deed, factum, -T, n. 
destruction, exitium, -T, «. 
grain, frumentum, -1, n. 
fellow, {term of co7itempt) homo, -inis, 
7n., {associate) socius, -T, ;;/. 



no 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



king, rex, regis, m, 
meeting, concilium, -i, n. 
movement, m5tus, -us, m. 
scout, explorator, -oris, m. 
treachery, insidiae, -arum, f. pi. 
warfare, res mllitaris, rei militaris,yi 

Adjectives 
end of, extremus, -a, -urn, in agree- 
ment with word modified. 
false, falsus, -a, -urn. 
skilled, peritus, -a, -um, with gen. 

Verbs 
admit, fateor, -eri, fassus sum. 
arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -hendi, 

-hensum. 
be free from, careo, -ere, -uT, -itum, 

with abl. 
be ignorant, ignoro, -are, -avT, -atum 
be sorry, doleo, -ere, -uT. 
be unaware, nescio, -Tre, -ivi, -itum. 
bring word, report, niintio, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
check, prohibeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
confess, confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum. 
consider, habe5, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
crush, opprimo, -ere, -press!, -pressum, 
declare, pronounce, dlco, -ere, -dixT, 

dictum. 
demand, impero, -are, -avT, -atum, with 

ace. of thing demanded and dat. of 

person of whom the demand is 

made, 
deny, say that . . . not, nego, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
divulge, enuntio, -are, -avT, -atum. 
enter upon, suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- 

tum. 
fail in one's duty, desum, -esse, -fuT, 

-futiirus, with dat. 
feel, sentio, -ire, sens!, sensum. 
feign, simulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
find, discover, reperio, -Ire, repperi, 

repertum. 
hold, teneo, -ere, -ui. 
hope, spero, -are, -avi, -atum. 
know, scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum ; or perf. 

tenses of cognoscOf -ere, -gnovi, -gni- 

tum. 
prepare for, paro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
promise, polliceor, -eri, -itus sum. 



reply, respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -spon- 

sum. 
report, renuntio, -are, -avT, -atum. 
rescue, eripi5, -ere, -ripuT, -reptum. 
seize, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
think, arbitror, -arl, -atus sum. 
try to avoid, vlto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
understand, intelleg5, -ere, -lexi, -lec- 

tum. 

Adverbs 
for a long time now, long since, iam 

pridem. 
the day before, prldie. 

Preposition 
against, contra, with ace. 

Idioms 
in early spring, ineunte vere (ver, 

veris, n.^. 
inform, certiorem facio, -ere, feci, 

factum. 
make an attack on, impetum facere 

in, with ace. 
threaten with, vocare ad, with ace. 
with good intentions, bono animo. 

VOCABULARY XI 

Nouns 
bane, pestis, -is,/ 
battle, pugna, -ae,/. 
dwelling, tectum, -T, n. 
expression, vultus, -iis, m, 
face, OS, oris, n. 
guard, custos, -5dis, w. 
hand, manus, -us,/ 
labor, labor, -oris, m. 
matter, res, rei,/ 
method, rati5, -onis,/ 
mother, mater, matris,/ 
name, nomen, -inis, n. 
patrol, vigilia, -ae,/ 

Pronoun 
a certain, some, quldam, quaedam, 
quoddam, and subst. quiddam. 

Adjectives 
enough, satis, indecL, with gen. 
how great, quant us, -a, -um. 
how important, quantus, -a, -um. 
how numerous, quot, indecl. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



III 



past, superior, -ius {coi?ip. ^/superus). 
tributary, vectlgalis, -e, also as subst., 
vectlgalis, -is, w. 

Verbs 

ask, quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum, 
with ab and abl. 

cry out, clamo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

decree, decerno, -ere, -crevT, -cretum. 

depart, disced5, -ere, -cessT, -cessum. 

destroy, deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum. 

determine, statuo, -ere, -uT, -utum. 

go from, exeo, -Tre, -il, -itum. 

hold an opinion, iudic5, -are, -avi, 
-atum. 

intend, use the ist periphrastic conju- 
gation. 

not know, nescio, -Tre, -Tvi, -itum. 

move, moveo, -ere, movT, motum. 

ordain, praescrib5, -ere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum. 

overhear, exaudi5, -Tre, -ivT, -Ttum. 

overpower, opprimo, -ere, -pressT, 
-pressum. 

return, reverter, -T, re versus sum. In 
the perfect tenses the active fonns, 
reverti, etc., should be used. 

reveal, enunti5, -are, -avT, -atum. 

seek, peto, -ere, -TvT, -Ttum. 

think {consider'), cogit5, -are, -avT, 
-atum. 

wait to see, exspect5, -are, -avT, -atum, 
with sT and subj. ofindir. quest. 

Adverbs 
easily, facile. 
just as, aeque ac. 
once, semel. 
only, tantum. 
well, bene. 
whence, unde. 
whither, quo. 
wholly, omnTn5. 

Preposition 
concerning, de, with abl. 
Conjunctions 
whether, num; -ne {eftclitic). 
whether ... or, utrum ... an ; -ne 

... an. 
whether ... or not {in dir. quest.'), 
utrum . . . ann5n ; {in indir. 



quest.), utrum . . . necne. For 
other forms ^ see the grammar. 

Idioms 
again and again, etiam atque etiam. 
make war on, bellum Tnfero, -ferre, 
-tulT, -latum, with dat. 

VOCABULARY XII 

Nouns 
chain, bond, vinculum, -T, n. 
death, mors, -rtis,/ 
design ; good sense, consilium, -T, n, 
gladiator, gladiator, -oris, m. 
grandfather, avus, -T, m. 
insurrection, tumultus, -us, m. 
jaws, fauces, -ium, f, pi. 
knight, eques, -itis, m. 
Nearer Gaul, Gallia citerior, Galliae 

citerioris, yi 
plebs, plebs, plebis or plebes, -eT,y! 
prison, career, -eris, m. 
tribune, tribunus, -T, m, 
two days, bTduum, -T, n. 

Adjectives 

ancient, antTquus, -a, -um. 
distinguished, clarus, -a, -um. 
new, novus, -a, -um. 
of consular rank, consularis, -e. 
same, Tdem, eadem, idem. 
sufficient, satis, indecl., with gen. 
the other (ceterus), -a, -um {jiom. 
sing, m, not found). 

Verbs 

butcher, trucTdo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
complete, conficio, -ere, -fecT, -fectum. 
conspire, coniuro, -are, -avT, -atum. 
enrol, conscrTbo, -ere, -scrTpsT, -scrTp- 

tum. 
escape, profugio, -ere, -fugi. 
fasten together, iungo, -ere, iunxT, 

iunctum. 
intrust, permitto, -ere, -mTsT, -missum, 

with ace. and dat. 
kill, interhcio, -ere, -fecT, -fectum. 
omit, pass over, praetermitto, -ere, 

-mTsT, -missum. 
overthrow, everto, -ere, -vertT, -ver- 

sum. 



112 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



plunder, diripio, -ere, -ripuT, -reptum. 
put down, opprim5, -ere, -press!, 

pressum. 
ravage, vast5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
restrain, coerce5, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
set free, libero, -are, -avi, -atum, ivith 

ace. and abl. 
suppose, think, existim5, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
tend, pertineo, -ere, -ui, with ad and 

ace. of ger. 

Adverbs 

not even, ne . . . quidem, separated 

by the ejnphatic word, 
too, nimis. 
truly, vere. 

Idioms 

at dawn, prima luce. 

have {any thing done) , cur5, -are, -avT, 
-atum, with gerundive in agreement 
with the obj. 

for the purpose of, for the sake of, 
cdiMSdif following a gen. 

ought, should, must, use the 2d peri- 
phrastic conjugation. 

the whole world, orbis terrarum (or- 
bis, -is, w). 

with fire and sword, ignl ferroque. 

VOCABULARY XIII 

Nouns 
beginning, initium, -I, n, 
by command, iussu, abl. m. 
conspiracy, coniuratio, '5nis,/ 
effort, labor, -oris, ;;/. 
fear, timor, -oris, m. 
fugitive slave, fugitivus, -1, 7n, 
wall {of a house), paries, -etis, m. 
word, v5x, vocis,/ 
work, opus, operis, n. 
wrong, iniuria, -ae, / 

Adjectives 
easy, facilis, -e. 
hard, difficilis, -e. 
inevitable, necesse, indecL 
private, prlvatus, -a, -um. 
ready, paratus, -a, -um. 
wise, sapiens, -entis. 



Verbs 
appreciate, realize, intellego, -ere, 

-lexT, -lectum. 
attain, adipiscor, -T, adeptus sum. 
attempt, try, conor, -arl, -atus sum ; 

tempto and tento, -are, -avi, -atum, 

with inf. 
begin, incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 

with inf. 
b2 wont, soleo, -ere, -itus sum, zvith 

inf. 
can, possum, posse, potuT, with inf. 
cease, desisto, -ere, -stitT, -stitum, with 

abl. or inf. 
command, iube5, -ere, iussi, iussum, 

with ace. and inf. 
desire, cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum, with 

inf. 
dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum, with inf. 
drag, traho, -ere, traxi, tractum. 
fear, timeo, -ere, -ui. 
forbid, vet5, -are, -ui, -itum, with ace. 

and inf. 
force, cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, with 

inf. 
hesitate, dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, with 

inf. 
it is permissible, one may, licet, -ere, 

-uit, and-iivixn est, impers. 
keep secret, contineo, -ere, -ui, -ten- 

tum. 
leave, exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, with ex 

and abl. 
make up one's mind, constituo, -ere, 

-ui, -vitum, with inf 
ought, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, with 

inf. ; or oportet, -ere, -uit, impers. 
remain, maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum. 
permit, sino, -ere, sivi, situm, with 

inf. 
resign, concede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. 
suffer, patior, -i, passus sum, with inf 
think, puto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
want, wish, volo, velle, volui, with 

inf. 
would rather, malo, malle, malui, 

with inf. 

Adverbs 
exceedingly, vehementer. 
further, praeterea. 
hence, hinc. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



113 



honorably, honeste. 

how {ivith adjs. and advs.), quam. 

long ago, iam antea. 

now, iam. 

Idiom 
most madly, summ5 furore. 

VOCABULARY XIV 

Nouns 

aid, see help, voc. iv, 

ally, socius, -1, m. 

assembly, coetus, -us, in, 

children, puerl, -orum, in. pi. {general 
word: children of free parents are 
often called When), 

conceal, see keep secret, voc. xiii. 

cruelty, crudelitas, -atis,/ 

darkness, tenebrae, -arum,///. 

defenses, moenia, -ium, «. //. 

ear, auris, -is,/, 

entreaty, prex, precis,/ 

eye, oculus, -1, ;;/. 

fight, proelium, -T, n. 

general's authority, imperium, -1, n. 

glory, gl6ria,_-ae,/_ 

humanity, humanitas, -atis,/ 

liberty, libertas, -atis,/ 

life, vita, -ae,/ 

madness, amentia, -ae,/ 

massacre, J^^ killing, voc. ix. 

outrage, iniuria, -ae,/ 

power, general's authority, im- 
perium, -1, w. 

proof, indicium, -T, n. 

prowess, see courage, voc. vi. 

public interests, see commonwealth, 
voc. i. 

purpose, mens, mentis,/ 

ruin, calamitas, -atis,/ 

severity, severitas, -atis,/ 

slavery, servitus, >utis,/ 

temple, templum, -I, n. 

torch, fax, facis,/ 

without the order, iniussu, abl. m. 

Pronoun 
that of yours, iste, -a, -ud. 

Adjectives 
clear, manifestus, -a, -um. 
depraved, desperate, perditus, -a. 



else, see other, voc. Hi. 
foreign, exterus, -a, -um. 
immortal, immortalis, -e. 
infamous, nefarius, -a, -um. 
whole, universus, -a, -um. 
wicked, improbus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
aim at, ask, ask for, peto, -ere, -TvT, 

-itum, with ab and abl. of the person 

of whom the request is made. 
be enabled ; be able, see can, voc. xiii. 
be engaged, versor, -arl, -atus sum. 
behave, me, te, se, etc^ ger5, -ere, 

gessT, gestum. 
bring to one's notice, defero, -ferre, 

-tuli, -latum, with ad and ace. 
change, muto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
check, reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. 
consider, cogito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
dread, metuo, -ere, -uT. 
exercise authority, imper5, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
gain, impetro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
go in, ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
go out, see go from, voc. xi. 
lay waste, see ravage, voc. xH. 
observe, percipi5, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 
protect, munio, -ire, -ivT, -itum. 
restore, restituo, -ere, -uT, -utum. 
rush out, erumpo, -ere, -rupT, -ruptum. 
set on fire, incendo, -ere, -cendl, -cen- 

sum. 
take the place of, succedo, -ere, -cessT, 

-cessum, with dat. 
tell of, nunti5, -are, -avT, -atum. 
touch {with emotion)^ see move, voc. xi. 
watch, vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
win, supero, -are, -avT, -atum. 

Adverbs 
faithfully, dlligenter. 
for, for indeed, etenim. 
how many times, quotiens. 
so {chiefly with adjs. and advs.), tam; 

{chiefly with verbs), ita. 

Preposition 
among, apud, with ace. 
on account of, propter, with ace. 
within, in with abl. 

Conjunction 
except, nisi. 



114 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



Idiom 
be hated, in odio esse with apud and 

ace, 
in recent years, per hos {or hosce) 

annos. 
lay violent hands on, vim et manus 

inferre, with dat. 
survivors, ei qui supersunt. 

VOCABULARY XV 

Nouns 

ancients, the, maiores, -um, m, pL 

exile, an, exsul, -ulis, w. 

force {military) y praesidium, -T, n. 

harm, detrlmentum, -T, n. 

honor, afficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, with 
ace. of the person receiving the honor 
and abl, of that with which he is 
honored, 

murder, caedes, -is,/ 

number, numerus, -i, m, 

principles, discipllna, -ae,/ 

representative, legatus, -i, m, 

respect, see esteem, voc, vii, 

slave, servus, -i, m. 

stranger, alienus, -T, m. 

suspicion, suspicio, -onis,/ 

Pronoun 
any, anyone, anything {after sT, nisi, 
ne, num), quis, qua, quid. 

Adjectives 
burdened, oppressus, -a, -um. 
civil, domesticus, -a, um. 
cowardly, timid us, -a, um. 
in harmony with, proprius, -a, -um, 

with gen, 
well qualified, idoneus, -a, -um, with 

dat, or with ad and ace. 

Verbs 
advance, procedo, -ere, -cessT,-cessum. 
advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, with 

ut and subj, 
aid, adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, with 

dat, 
appear, see seem, voc Hi. 
arouse, incite, -are, -avi, -atum, with 

ad and ace, 
avoid, vTto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
be afraid, see fear, voc xHi. 



be alarmed, pertimesco, -ere, -timuT. 
beseech, oro, -are, -avi, -atum, with 

ut and subj. 
bury, sepelio, -Tre, -TvT, -pultum. 
come to pass, fio, fieri, factus sum, 

with ut and subj. 
conduct, administro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
happen, accido, -ere, -cidT, with ut and 

subj. 
increase, cresco, -ere, crevT, cretum. 
induce, adduc5, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 

with ut and subj. 
instruct, praecipio, -ere, -cepT, -cep- 

tum, with dat,, and vX and subj. 
look to it, video, -ere, vidT, visum, with 

ut and subj. 
persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -suasT, 

-suasum, with dat., and ut and subj. 
prefer, malo, malle, maluT, with inf 
provide for, provide5, -ere, -vidi, 

-visum, with dat, 
recommend, suadeo, -ere, suasT, sua- 
sum, ivith dat., and m\. and subj, 
remind, admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 

with de a7td abl., and ace of person 

admonished, 
take, capio, -ere, cepT, captum. 
urge, hortor, -ari, -at us sum, with ut 

and subj. 

Adverbs 
everywhere, ubique. 
likewise, item. 
thither, eo. 
very little, minime. 

Idioms 
be sure to, cur5, -are, -avT, -atum, with 

ut and subj. 
bring one's mind to, animum induce, 

-ere, -duxi, -ductum, with ut and 

subj. 
day by day, from day to day, in dies. 
for the future, in reliquum tempus. 
make the mistake of, committo, -ere, 

-misT, -missum, zuith ut and subj. 
the outcome was, evenit, with ut and 

subj. 

VOCABULARY XVI 

Nouns 
disagreement, dissensio, -onis, / 
evidence, testimonium, -T, n. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



115 



fault, vitium, -T, n, 
line of battle, acies, -ei,/ 
native land, patria, -ae,/ 
possession, possessio, -6nis,yC 
province, provincia, -ae,yC 
scoundrel, sceleratus, -1, m, 
victor, victor, -oris, w. 

Adjectives 
agreeable, sweet, dulcis, -e. 
dear, carus, -a, -um. 
only ; the only one, solus, -a, -um ; 

unus, -a, -um. 
reckless, audax, -acis. 
relying, fretus, -a, -um, with abL 
troubled, commotus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
avert, depello, -ere, -pulT, -pulsum. 
be in difficulties, laboro, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
confess, fateor, -eri, fassus sum. 
contemplate {aim at), quaero, -ere, 

quaesTvT, quaesTtum. 
discourage, deterreo, -ere, -uT, -itum, 

with ne, quTn, or qu5 minus and 

subj. 
dissemble, dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
doubt, dubito, -are, -avT, -atum, fol- 
lowed, in neg, or interrog. sentences, 

by quin and subj. 
hinder, impedio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttum, zvith 

ne, quTn, or quo minus and subj. 
make sure, cur5, -are, -avI, -atum, 

with ut and subj. 
not wish, be unwilling, nolo, nolle, 

noluT, with inf. 
object, refuse, recuso, -are, -avT, 

-atum, with ne, quo minus, or quin 

and subj. 
open, patefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum. 
prevent, prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 

with infin. 
show, see teach, voc ii. 

Adverbs 
already, iam. 
certainly, profecto. 
in fact, vero. 
so many times, totiens. 
still {till now\ adhuc. 
strongly, vehementer. 



Preposition 
before, in the presence of, apud, with 

ace. 

Conjunction 
and yet . . . not, neque tamen. 

Idioms 
at the house of, ad or apud with ace. 

{e.g., at Cicero's, at Cicero's house, 

ad Ciceronem). 
bring aid, auxilium fero, ferre, tuli, 

latum, with dat. 
deliver or make a speech, orationem 

habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
disagree with, dissentio, -Ire, -sensi, 

-sensum, with ab and abl. 
guilty conscience, conscientia scele- 

rum. 
in no way, nullo pacto. 
insane, mente captus. 
such, eius modi. 
the absent, el qui absunt. 
there is no doubt that, it is not 

doubtful that, non est dubium 

quTn, with subj. 
there is no reason why, nihil est 

quod, with subj. 

VOCABULARY XVII 

Nouns 
altar, ara, -ae,/ 
assassination, caedes, -is,/ 
comrade, socius, -T, 771. 
deliberation, deliberatio, -onis,/ 
deliberative body, consilium, -1, n, 
conflagration, incendium, -1, n. 
hearth, focus, -T, m. 
leader {political), princeps, -ipis, m, 
light, lux, lucis, / 
speech, oratio, -onis,/. 
tablet, tabula, -ae,/ 
talent, ingenium, -1, n. 
wall, murus, -I, m. 

Pronoun 
that person {used for ensically, or in 
contempt), iste, -a, -ud. 

Adjectives 
angry, Tratus, -a, -um, with dat, 
august, sanctus, -a, -um. 
incorrigible, perditus, -a, -um. 



ii6 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



influential, gravis, -e. 

possessed of, praeditus, -a, -um, with 

abl, 
such, talis, -e. 

twentieth, vlcesimus, -a, -um. 
unknown {of fads) , obscurus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
assure, confirmo, -are, -avT, -atum, 

with dat. 
be anxious, cupi5, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 
bear, fero, ferre, tulT, latum. 
be glad, be glad of, laetor, -ari, -atus 

sum. 
be present at, intersum, -esse, -fui, 

-futurus, with dat. or in and abl. 
form an opinion, iudico, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
keep 07' be silent, taceo, -ere -uT, -itum. 
outstrip, excell5, -ere, -celsum, {no 

perf), with dat. 
perform, perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 
plot against, insidior, -ari, -atus sum, 

with dat. 
present {offer), offero, -ferre, obtuli, 

oblatum. 
pretend, simulo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
purpose, statu5, -ere, -ui, -litum. 
read, lego, -ere, legT, lectum. 
reign, regn5, -are, -avT, -atum. 
show attentions to, col5, -ere, colui, 

cultum. 
stand between, intersum, -esse, -fuT, 

-futurus, with inter and ace. 

Adverbs 
before, ante. 
especially, maxime. 
even, etiam; and even, atque etiam. 
forsooth, scilicet. 
from or at a distance, procul. 
late, sero; too late, eo7?ip. serius, 
nay even, immo vero. 
quickly, celeriter. 
violently, vehementer. 

Preposition 
within, intra, zvith aee. 

Conjunctions 
as, ut, with i^tdie. 
because, quod; quia, with indie. 
inasmuch as, since, quoniam, zvith 
indie. 



lest, ne, with subj. 

that {in siibst. clauses stating a fact^ 

not in indirect discourse), quod, 

with indie. 
then {introducing an inference^, igi- 

tur, usually postpositive. 

Idioms 
be one's good fortune, contingo, -ere, 

-tigi, -tactum, used impersonally 

with dat. and inf. 
cannot help, facere non possum quTn, 

with subj, 
get out of the way, de medio toUo, 

-ere, sustuli, sublatum. 
how {with verbs), quem ad modum. 
must needs, necesse est, with infin. 

or subj, (accedo, -ere, -cessi, -ces- 

sum). 
such being the case, quae cum ita 

sint. 
there is the additional circumstance 

that, accedit quod, with indie. 

VOCABULARY XVIII 

Nouns 
breath, spTritus, -us, m. 
Campus Martins, campus, -T, m. ; 

or, fully expressed, campus Martius. 
coming, adventus, -us, m. 
disturbance, tumultus, -us, m, 
evil, malum, -i, n. 
firebrand, fax, facis,/. 
heaven, caelum, -i, n. 
men of Chios, Chil, -orum, w. //. 
onslaught, impetus, -us, m. 
politics, res publica, rei publicae, / 

{not used in pi.). 
wife, uxor, -oris, f. 

Pronoun 

the other side {forensic use), m. pi. 
^yiste, -a, -ud. 

Adjectives 

enjoying, praeditus, -a, -um, with abh 

{lit. '' provided zvith''). 
former {of time), superior, -ius. 
Manlius% Manlianus, -a, -um. 
naval, maritimus, -a, -um. 
successful, secundus, -a, -um. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



117 



Verbs 
assert, praeclic5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
avenge ; claim, vindico, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
be willing, volo, velle, volui. 
bring to pass, efficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- 

tum, with ut and subj, 
detect, deprehendo, -ere, -hendi, -hen- 
sum. 
exist, exsisto, -ere, -stiti. 
feel the need of, miss, desider5, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
insist, contirmo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
predict, praedico, -ere, -dlxT, -dictum. 
provide {procure), comparo, -are, 

-avT, -atum. 
raise {stir up), concito, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
recoil from, abhorreo, -ere, -uT, with 

ab and ahl. 
succeed in, consequor, -1, -secutus 

sum, zvith ace. 
warn, moneo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 

Adverbs 
greatly, magnopere. 
however, quamvis. 
in the name of the state, publice. 
perhaps, fortasse. 
surely, profecto. 
yet, tamen. 

Prepositions 
after, post, zvith ace, 
in behalf of, pro, with ahl. 

Conjunctions 
albeit, etsT. 
although, though, quamquam, zvith 

iftdic. ; etsi, etiamsi, tametsT, with 

indie, or subj. {see grammar) ; 

cum, licet, quamvTs, zvith subj. 
even if, etiamsT, with ind. or subj. 
granted that, licet, with subj. 
however much, quamvis, ivith subj. 
if, si with ind. or subj. After ex- 

specto takes subj. 
notwithstanding, tametsT, with indie. 

or subj. 

Idioms 
a little while before, paul5 ante. 
cannot keep . . . from, see cannot 

help, voc, xvii. 



of yourselves, (ipsT) per v6s. 
what reason is there why, quid est 
quod, ivith subj. 

VOCABULARY XIX 

Nouns 
book, liber, -brl, m. 
carefulness, dlligentia, -ae,/ 
condition, condicio, -onis,^ 
desert, meritum, -1, n. 
fact, res, rei,/ 
health, valetiido, -dinis, / 
influence, auctoritas, -atis,/ 
integrity, innocentia, -ae, f. 
mercy, venia, -ae, / 
opportunity, potestas, -atis, / 
pursuit, studium, -T, n. 
refinement, humanitas, -atis,/ 
report, rumor, rumor, -oris, 771, 

Adjectives 
daring, audax, -acis. 
how much, quant us, -a, -um. 
one at a time, singull, -ae, -a. 
open, apertus, -a, -um. 
plain, manifestus, -a, -um. 
wretched, miser, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
account, habe5, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
be surprised, miror, -ari, -atus sum. 
be well, valeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 
catch sight of, conspicio, -ere, -spexi, 

-spectum. 
come together, convenio, -Ire, -veni, 

-ventum. 
consider {contemplate), consldero, 

-are, -avi, -atum. 
demand {as a right), postul5, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
desire, expeto, -ere, -IvI, -Itum. 
drive, drive from, eicio, -ere, -iecl, 

-iectum. 
foresee, provideo, -ere, -vidl, -visum. 
go forth, excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 

with ex and abl. 
guard, cust5dio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum. 
make arrangements, ago, -ere, egl, 

actum. 
take care of, ciiro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
worry, commoveo, -ere, -movl, -m5- 

tum. 



ii8 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



Adverbs 
greatly {in expressions of esteem and 

concern^, magni. 
to the same place, eodem. 
unjustly, iniuria. 

Conjunctions 
after, postquam, with ind. 
as soon as, ubi, cum primum, ut pri- 

mum, simul atque, with ind. 
as soon as ever, ut primum, with ind. 
the moment (that) , simul atque, with 

ind. 
when, cum, with ind, and subj.y ubi, 

with ind. 

Idioms 
as soon as possible, quam primum. 
be as strong as possible, quam pluri- 

mum valeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
be sure to, euro, -are, -avi, -atum, with 

ut and subj, 
be to the advantage of, see it is to 

one's interest, voc. vii. 
bring to trial, in iudicium adduco, 

-ere, -duxi, -ductum. 
devote oneself to {of occupations)^ 

me, te, se, etc., confero, -fcrre, -tuli, 

-latum, with ad and ace. 
discuss with, ago, -ere, egi, actum, 

with cum and abl, 
good-bye, pres. imperative of valeo, 

-ere, -uT, -itum. 
in accordance with, use the abl, 
of this kind, huius modi. 
on the one hand . . . (and) on the 

other, cum . . . tum. 
send greeting, salutem do, dare, dedi, 

datum ; often abbreviated, S. D. 

VOCABULARY XX 

Nouns 
cause, causa, -ae,/ 
cesspool [bilge), sentTna, -ae,/ 
domain, imperium, -T, n, 
doom {fate), fatum, -T, n, 
hillock, tumulus, -i, i7t, 
hostage, obses, -idis, m, 
leader, dux, ducis, vt. 
republic, res publica, rei publicae,/ 
space, spatium, -i, n. 
vote {of the senate), sententia, -2it, f 



Adjectives 

alone, solus, -a, -um ; unus, -a, -um. 
forty-ninth, undequlnquagesimus, -a, 

-um. 
four, quattuor, indecl. 
perilous, pericul5sus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 

annex, adiung5, -ere, -iunxT, -iunctum, 

with ad and ace, 
assemble {intrans.), conveni5, -ire, 

-venT, -ventum. 
commit {of crimes), concipio, -ere, 

-cepi, -ceptum. 
contain, contineo, -ere, -uT, -tentum. 
decide on, statuo, -ere, -uT, -utum. 
deliberate, delTbero, -are, -avT, -atum. 
demand, posco, -ere, poposci. 
devote, transmitto, -ere, -misT, -mis- 
sum, with ad and ace. 
draw out, exhaurio, -ire, -hausi, -haus- 

tum. 
execute {perform), praesto, -are, 

-stitT, -stitum. 
go on, pass, of gero, -ere, gessT, 

gestum. 
lay before, refero, -ferre, rettulT, 

-latum, with ad and ace, 
make requisition for, imperS, -are, 

-avi, -atum, with acc.^ and dat. of 

the person ofwho77t the requisitioti is 

771 ade. 
Open, aperio, -ire, -uT, apertum. 
press on, contendo, -ere, -tendi, 

-tentum. 
proclaim {threaten), denuntio, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
recur, reded, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
report {announce), nuntio, -are, -avT, 

-atum, with dat. ; {lay facts before), 

defer5, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, with ad 

and ace, 
retreat {flee), fugio, -ere, fiigi. 
stop {cease), desist5, -ere, -stiti, 

-stitum, with i77f. 
take, siimo, -ere, siimpsT, sumptum. 
yield, concede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. 

Adverbs 

a second time, iterum. 
there {thither), e5. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



119 



Conjunctions 
as long as, dum ; quoad, with ind, 
before, antequam ; priusquam, with 

ind. and stibj. 
until, dum ; quoad, with ind. and 

subj. 
while, dum, with ind. 
Idioms 
by himself, per se ipsum. 
draw nearer to, propius accedo, -ere, 

-cessT, -cessum, with ace. 
for such time as, tam diu dum. 
so long in advance, tanto ante. 

VOCABULARY XXI 

Nouns 

carefulness, dlligentia, -ae,/ 
Comitium, comitium, -1, n. 
garrison, praesidium, -i, n. 
government, res publica, rei publicae,/ 
nation ^particularly of foreign na- 

tions)^ gens, gentis,/ 
reason, causa, -ae,/ 
strategy, consilium, -T, n, 
weapon {missile) , telum, -1, n. 

Adjectives 

bare, nudus, -a, -um, with abl. 
foreign, exterus, -a, -um. 
gentle, mild, lenis, -e. 
too much, nimius, -a, -um. 

Verbs 

accomplish, attain, adsequor, -1, -se- 

cutus sum. 
accuse, accuso, -are, -avT, -atum. 
act, facio, -ere, feci, factum. 
administer, administro, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
be afraid, vereor, -eri, -itus sum. 
betray, prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. 
cease, desino, -ere> -sii, -situm. 
fall from, excido, -ere, -cidT, with ex 

or de and abl. 
fear, pertimesco, -ere, -timuT. 
go, eo. Ire, ii, itum. 
lose, amitto, -ere, -misT, -missum. 
make {of a speech)^ habeo, -ere, -uT, 

-itum. 
stand, sto, stare, stetT, statum. 



Adverbs 
arrogantly, superbe. 
at some time, aliquando ; {after sT, 

ne, num), quando. 
wisely, sapienter. 

Conjunctions 

but if {after a preceding si, expressed 
or implied)^ sin. 

if not, unless, nisi. 

whether ... or whether {in alter- 
native conditions') y sive . . . sive; 
seu . . . seu. 

Idioms 

as many . . . as, tot . . . quot. 

punish, poenas sumo, -ere, sumpsi, 
sumptum, with de and abl.; be 
punished, poenas d5, dare, dedi, 
datum, with dat. of the person by 
whom the penalty is inflicted ; visit 
with punishment {especially of the 
death pe7talty), supplicio adficio, 
-ere, -feci, -fectum. 

surrender myself, yourself, him- 
self, etc., and all my, your, his, 
etc., possessions, me meaque omnia, 
te tuaque omnia, se suaque omnia, 
etc., dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, with 
dat. 

there is no doubt that, non est dubium 
quin ; nemini est dubium quin, with 
subj. 

within human recollection, post 
hominum memoriam. 

VOCABULARY XXII 

Nouns 

abundance, copia, -ae,/ 
band, manus, -us,/ 
dignity ; majesty, dignitas, -atis,/ 
fear, metus, -Cis, 7?i. 
gratitude, gratia, -ae,/ 
ill will, invidia, -ae, / 
patriots, bonl, -5rum, m. pi. 
villain, netarius homo, netarii homi- 
nis, /;/. 

Adjectives 

innocent ; upright, innocens, -entis. 
profligate, perditus, -a, -um. 



120 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



Verbs 
accomplish, consequor, -T, -secutus 

sum. 
appoint, constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu- 

tum. 
be between, intersum,-esse, -fui, -futu- 

rus, with inter and ace, 
dread, timeo, -ere, -uT. 
happen, fi6, fieri, factus sum. 
hate, odT, odisse ; perf. with pres. 

force ; be hated, in odi5 esse, zvith 

apud and ace. 
help, stand by, adsum, -esse, -fui, 

-futurus, with dat. 
put in charge, praeficio, -ficere, -feci, 

-fectum, with ace, of the person 

appointed and dat. of that of which 

he is put in charge. 
secure, pario, -ere, peperi, partum. 
take from, eripio, -ripere, -ripui, 

-reptum, with ex and abL 

Adverbs 
as if, quasi. 
as it is, nunc. 
however, vero, postpositive, 
how often, quotiens. 
immediately, statim. 
that, would that, utinam ; neg, ne 
or utinam ne. 

Conjunction 
as long as, if only, provided, pro- 
vided that, dum ; modo ; dum 
modo, with subj. 

Idioms 
be greatly mistaken, vehementer 

erro, -are, -avT, -atum. 
feel or be grateful, gratiam habeo, 

-ere, -uT, -itum, with dat. 
have more power, plus vale5, -ere, 

-uT, -itum. 
thank, gratias ago, -ere, egi, actum, 

with dat. 
with the consent of the senators, 

auctoritate patrum. 

VOCABULARY XXIII 
Pronoun 
very, ipse, -a, -um. 



Adjectives 
cruel, crudelis, -e. 
original, prTstinus, -a, -um. 
permanent, perpetuus, -a, -um. 
surprising, mirus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
answer, respondeS, -ere, -spondT, 

-sponsum. 
assert, confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
become, flo, fieri, factus sum. 
deserve, dignus sum, esse, fui, futiirus, 

with ret. and subj, ; debeo, -ere, -ul, 

-itum, with inf 
expect, spero, -are, -avI, -atum, ivith 

fut, inf, and subj. ace. 
gain a request, impetro, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
happen {especially of fortunate occur- 

rencesy while diccidb frequently refers 

to misfortunes^, contingo, -ere, -tigl, 

-tactum. 
perish, intereo, -ire, -il, -itum. 
talk, loquor, -I, locutus sum. 

Adverbs 
early, mature. 
of one's own accord, ultro. 
right, rightly, recte. 
thus, sic. 

VOCABULARY XXIV 

Nouns 
barbarian, barbarus, -1, 7n, 
end, finis, -is, in. 
force, vis, vis,/ 
intimate friend, familiarissimus, -a, 

-um, with possessive meus, tuus, 

suus, etc, 
lieutenant, legatus, -I, m, 
parent, parens, -entis, w. and f, 
pirate, praedo, -onis, m, 
residence, domicilium, -i, n, 
supplies, commeatus, -us, m, 
tidings, nUntius, -I, m. 

Adjectives 
three hundred, trecenti, -ae, -a. 
unharmed, incolumis, -e. 

Verbs 
arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -prehendT, 
-prehensum. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



121 



beg, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 
bring to, adfero, -ferre, attulT, adlatum. 
cut off, intercludo, -ere, -clusT, -clusum. 
cut to pieces, kill, occldo, -ere, -cidi, 

-cisum. 
devastate, vast 5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
fall, be killed, occido, -ere, -cidI, 

-casum. 
fight, pugno, -are, -avi, -atum. 
go back, return, redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
harangue, cohortor, -ari, -atus sum. 
learn, learn of, cognosco, -ere, -gnovi, 

-gnitum. 
order, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum. 
pursue, persequor, -i, -secutus sum. 
register, make declaration, profiteer, 

-eri, -fessus sum, with apud and 

ace. of the person before whom the 

declaration is made, 
state, praedico, -are, -avT, -atum. 
throw into disorder, perturbo, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
worship, veneror, -ari, -atus sum. 

Adverbs 

bravely, fortiter. 
so, sic. 

too, use the comparative ; see also the 
General Vocabulary, 

Idioms 

a movement is on foot, id agitur ut, 
with subj, 

as ... as possible, quam with super- 
lative. 

do deeds, perform exploits, res gero, 
-ere, gessT, gestum. 

join battle, proelium committo, -ere, 
-misT, -missum. 

take pains, operam d5, dare, dedi, 
datum, with ut and subj, 

take to flight, tergum {with pL verb, 
terga), verto, -ere, verti, versum. 

VOCABULARY XXV 

Nouns 

nature, natura, -ae,/ 
power, potestas, -atis,y; 
unpopularity, invidia, -ae,/ 
will, voluntas, -atis,/ 



Pronoun 

whoever, quisquis, quidquid and 
quicquid ; adj, forms: f quaequae, 
n, quodquod. 

Adjectives 
as (so) much ; as (so) important, 

tantus, -a, -um. 
off one's guard, inopinans, -antis. 
what sort of; of what sort, qualis, 

-e ; cuius modi. 

Verbs 
attack {of aiming a blow)., peto, -ere, 

-Tvi, -Ttum ; {of a hostile approach) , 

adorior, -iri, -ortus sum. 
bestow, defero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum, 

with ad and ace. 
come into conflict, confllgo, -ere, 

-flixT, -flictum, with cum and abl. 
desire, opto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
execute, interfici5, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 
exist, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
incur, suscipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 
lead back, reduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum. 
rule, rego, -ere, rexT, rectum. 

Adverbs 
as often, totiens. 
before, antea. 
voluntarily, ultro. 

Prepositions 
before, ante, with ace. 
for, in defense of, pro, with abl, 
through, per, with ace. 

Idioms 
as, after talis, qualis ; after tarn, 

quam ; after tantus, quant us ; after 

tot, quot ; after totiens, quotiens ; 

after eius modi, qui ; after idem, 

qui. 
conduct oneself, me, te, se, etc., gero, 

-ere, gessi, gestum. 
declare war, helium indico, -ere, -dixT, 

-dictum, with dat. 
observe, anim5 {with pi. forins of 

verb, animis), percipio, -ere, -cepT, 

-ceptum. 
the more . . . the less, quo magis 

. . . e5 minus. 



122 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



VOCABULARY XXVI 

Nouns 
advice, consilium, -i, n. 
cupidity, cupiditas, -atis,/ 
earth, terra, -ae, / 
instruction (precepts)^ praecepta, 

-orum, 71, pi. 
mischief, maleficium, -I, n, 
patrol, vigilia, -ae,/ 
sense, sensus, -us, 771. 
stillness, silentium, -1, n. 
way {method) y ratio, -onis,yC 

Pronouns 
actual, ipse, -a, -um. 
any {interr,)y ecquis, ecquid, and adj. 
ecquij ecqua, ecquod. 

Adjectives 
bad, malus, -a, -um. 
different, alius, -a, -ud. 
flat, planus, -a, -um. 
greatest, great {of figurative eTni- 

7te7tce)f summus, -a, -um. 
lasting, firmus, -a, -um. 
learned, doctus, -a, -um. 
rich, locuples, -etis. 

Verbs 

alarm, moveo, -ere, movT, motum. 

be agreed upon, consentio, -ire, -sens!, 
-sensum, with ad and ger, 

commit {of cri77ies), facio, -ere, feci, 
factum. 

consider, exlstimo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

hurl, coniciS, -ere, -ieci, -iectum. 

imagine, opinor, -ari, -atus sum. 

make, faci5, -ere, feci, factum. 

pacify, pacOj -are, -avi, -atum. 

perceive {disti7tguish)i cerno, -ere, 
ere VI, certum ; {grasp), percipio, 
-ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 

provide for, provideo, -ere, -vidT, -vi- 
sum, with dat. 

spring from, orior, -iri, ortus sum, 
with ab a72d abl. 

terrify, terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 

Adverb 
entirely, omnlno. 

Preposition 
in defense of, pro, with abl. 



Idioms 
all the, with sup., quisque, with sup. 

{e.g. " all the bravest 77te7i^'' fortis- 

simus quisque). 
be necessary, use 2.d periphr. 
in no wise, nullo modo. 

VOCABULARY XXVII 

Nouns 
character, genus, -eris, n. 
forefathers, maiores, -um, m, pi, 
horse, equus, -i, tu. 
human being, man, homo, -inis, m, 

and f, 
ruin, pernicies, (ei),/ 
torture, cruciatus, -us, th. 

Pronoun 
whoever, whosoever, quTcumque, 
quaecumque, quodcumque. 

Adjectives 
as great, tantus, -a, -um. 
excellent, optimus, -a, -um. 
honorable, honestus, -a, -um. 
six, sex, indecl. 

Verbs 
be afraid, pertimesco, -ere, -timui. 
be inactive, quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etum. 
cry {shout), clamo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
engage, confllgo, -ere, -flixi, -flictum, 

with cum and abl. 
guard {preserve), servo, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
laugh, rideo, -ere, -risl, risum. 
lead across, traduco, -ere, -duxl, -duc- 

tum, with 2 aces. 
meditate, cogito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
refuse, repudio, -are, -avi, -atum. 

Adverbs 
as {after eadem), qua. 
by the same way or route, eadem. 
carefully, diligenter. 
differently from, aliter atque (ac). 
forsooth, videlicet. 
home, homewards, domum. 
merely, tantum. 
scarcely, vix. 
thence, inde. 
there {by that way), ea ; {thither), eo. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



123 



to a different place from, alio atque 

(ac). 
to or for the same place, eodem. 
where {whither^, quo ; {by which or 

what way) , qua. 

Conjunctions 
and so, itaque. 
but if, quod sT. 

Idioms 
hold supreme control, summas imperi 

teneo, -ere, -ui. 
make it possible, efficio, -ere, -feci, 

-fectum, jvith ut and subj. ^y possum. 
march, icer facio, -ere, feci, factum. 
tlie . . . the (wiih comparatives), quo 

. . . eo. 
v/ith equanimity, aequo animo. 

VOCABULARY XXVIII 

Nouns 

arms, arma, -orum, n, pi. 
Kalends, Kalendae, -arum,///. 
Nones, Nonae, -arum,y^//. 

Ides, IduS, -WMTVljf.pl. 

president (^of a republic) , consul, 

-is, 771. 

magistracy, magistratus, -lis, 7?i. 
senator, senator, -oris, 771. 

Adjectives 

January, lanuarius, -a. 

February, Februarius, -a. 

March, Martius, -a. 

April, Aprllis, -is. 

May, Maius, -a. 

June, Junius, -a. 

July, QuTntilis, -is ; later naTTzed lulins 
ift ho7ior of Jtilius Caesar, 

August, Sextilis, -is ; later 7ia77ted 
Augustus in honor of the ETuperor 
Augustus. 

September, September, -bris. 

October, October, -bris. 

November, November, -bris. 

December, December, -bris. 

When the 77tonth was si7?tply 
named, the 7nasculine for77i, with or 
withotit the word mensis, " month^'' 
was e77iployed. I71 conjutiction with 



the words Kalendae, Nonae, or Idiis, 
the nai7ie of the i7ionth was used as 
an adjective; e.g., Kalendae luniae 
{Ju7te l) 77iea7is literally "• Junian 
Kalettds.^^ The neuter for 771s of 
these words are not found. 

eight, octo, i7idecl. 

eighth, octavus, -a, -um. 

eighteenth, duodevlcesimus, -a, -um. 

eleventh, iindecimus, -a, -um. 

fourth, quartus, -a, -um. 

fifth, quTntus, -a, -um. 

fiftieth, quinquagesimus, -a, -um. 

nine, novem, i7idecL 

ninety, n5naginta, indecl. 

nineteenth, undevicecesimus, -a, -um. 

ninth, nonus, -a, -um. 

seven, septem, indecl, 

seven hundredth, septingesimus, -a, 
-um. 

seventh, septimus, -a, -um. 

seventieth, septuagesimus, -a, -um. 

sixth, sextus, -a, -um. 

tenth, decimus, -a, -um. 

third, tertius, -a, -um. 

thirteenth . . . seventeenth, tertius 
decimus, etc, 

thousandth, millesimus, -a, -um. 

twelfth, duodecimus, -a, -lim. 

Verbs 

arise from, orior, -iri, ortus sum, with 

ab and abl. 
began, coepi, -isse. If the acco77ipany- 

i7ig inf. is passive, the passive for?7is 

coeptus sum, etc., are used. 
enter upon {of a7i office), capio, -ere, 

cepT, captum. 
found, cond5, -ere, -did!, -ditum. 
instigate, hortor, -arl, -atus sum. 
perish, pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
read {aloud), recito, -are, -avT, -atum. 
sound {test), tempto and tento, -are 

-avT, -atum. 

Adverbs 

about, circiter. 

at first, prlmo. 

with all one's might, maxime. 

yesterday, herl, or hesterno die. 



124 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



Idioms 
A.D., post Christum natum. 
B.C., ante Christum natum. 

Of course the KoDians themselves 

could not have used these expressions 

in pre-Christian tii7ies, 
in the consulship of, use the abl. abs. ; 

e,g.y in the consulship of Cicero, 

Cicerone consule, ///. " Cicero {be- 

ing) consult 

VOCABULARY XXIX 

Nouns 
approach, aditus, -us, m, 
field, ager, agri, m, 
fire, ignis, -is, m, 
rank, ordo, -dinis, m. 
sense of shame, pudor, -oris, vt. 

Adjective 
unexpected, repentlnus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
be at hand, adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus. 
banish, expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum. 
destroy, rescindo, -ere, -scidi, -scis- 

sum. 
flee for refuge, c6nfugi5, -ere, -fugi. 
keep, teneo, -ere, -uT. 
move from, demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, 

with ex or de and abl. 
place, pono, -ere, posuT, positum. 
promise, offer, promitt5, -ere, -misi, 

-missum. 
strengthen, firmo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
withstand, sustineo, -ere, -uT, -tentum. 

Adverbs 
almost, paene. 
as far as, quantum. 
by chance, forte. 
thereupon, inde. 

Preposition 
except, praeter, with ace. 

Conjunction 
therefore, igitur, regularly postpos. 

Idioms 
in a panic, perterritus, -a, -um. 
on guard, in statione. 



VOCABULARY XXX 

Nouns 

age, aetas, -atis,/ 
armor, arma, -orum, n. pL 
dart, missile, telum, -i, n, 
fame, fama, -ae,yC 
land, ager, agri, m. 
shame, pudor, -oris, m, 
shout, clamor, -oris, m. 

Adjectives 

tBxXy {of former times') j pristinus, -a, 

-um. 
entire, omnis, -e. 
narrow, exiguus, -a, -um. 
stung {agitated), commotus, -a, -um, 
unscathed, incolumis, -e. 

Verbs 

arm, armo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
break, frango, -ere, fregi, fractum. 
compel, cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, 

with inf. 
interpose, obicio, -ere, -iecT, -iectum. 
jump down, desilio, -Ire, -siluT, -sul- 

tum. 
keep off, repell5, -ere, reppull, repul- 

sum. 
last, permaned, -ere, -mansT, -mansum. 
let fly, conicio, -ere, -iecT, -iectum. 
observe, cogn5sco, -ere, -gnovi, -gni- 

tum. 
pray, precor, -ari, -atus sum. 
raise, toll5, -ere, sustuli, sublatum. 
reproach, incuso, -are, -avi, -atum. 
retire, cedo, -ere, cessT, cessum. 
take back, recipio, -ere, cepT, -ceptum. 

Adverbs 

bitterly, graviter. 

from every quarter, undique. 

suddenly, subita. 

Idioms 
down stream, secundo flumine. 
first . . . then, primum . . . deinde. 
in consequence, quo factum est ut, 

with subj. 
taunt, verbis lacesso, -ere, -ivl, -itum. 
to a place of safety, in tutum. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



125 



VOCABULARY XXXI 

Nouns 
beginning, prlncipium, -1, n, 
disaster, calamitas, -atis,/ 
dread, formldo, -inis,/ 
fortunes {property), res, rerum, ///. 
revenue, tax, vectlgal, -alis, n. 
stopping-place {lit. '-^ outlef^), exitus, 

-us, w. 

Adjective 
powerful, potens, -entis. 

Verbs 
admonish, admoneo, -ere, -uT, -itum, 

with de and abl. of the thing brought 

to notice. 
be at stake, pass, of ago, -ere, egl, 

actum. 
do, ago, -ere, egi, actum. 
explain, exp5no, -ere, -posui, -posi- 

tum, with or without verbis. 
farm {of collecting taxes), exerceo, 

-ere, -ui, -itum. 
keep safe, conservo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
reflect on, consldero, -are, -avT, -atum. 
take thought, consul5, -ere, -ui, con- 

sultum, with dat. 

Conjunction 
therefore, qua re {lit. " wherefore ; on 
account of which thing''''). 

VOCABULARY XXXII 

Nouns 

property, res, rerum, fern. pi. ; prop- 
erty and fortunes, res ac fortunae. 

punishment {especially of the death 
penalty), supplicium, -1, n. 

Adjectives 
Asiatic, Asiaticus, -a, -um. 
kingly, regius, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
abandon, relinquo, -ere, -iTquT, -lictum. 
be indifferent to, neglego, -ere, -lexT, 

-lectum. 
inquire, quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesT- 

tum. 
it is my duty, debe5, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
murder, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 



prepare, paro, -are, -avi, -atum. 

set forth, expono, -ere, -posuT, -posi- 

tum. 
take {by violence), eripio, -ere, -ripuT, 

-reptum. 

Adverbs 
especially, praesertim. 
thereafter, postea. 

Idioms 
belong to, use {\) a pred. gen. with 

sum, or (2) a possessive pron, 
successor, is qui succedit (succedo, 

-ere, -cessT, -cessum), with dat. 
suffer ruin or disaster, calamitatem 

accipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 

VOCABULARY XXXIII 

Nouns 
battle, proelium, 1, n. 
emergency, tempus, -oris, n. 
locality,//, ^/regio, -onis,/ 

'Adjective 
stern, severus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
aid, adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iiitum, with 

ace. 
allow, patior, -1, passus sum. 
apply, confero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum, 

with ad and ace. 
be ashamed, pudet, -ere, -uit, i vipers., 

with the ace, of the person and gen. of 

the thing, or an inf. 
defeat, pello, -ere, pepulT, pulsum. 
judge, iudico, -are, -avi, -atum. 
preserve, conserve, -are, -avi, -atum. 
proffer, offer5, -ferre, obtulT, oblatum, 

with ace. and dat. 
put into the hands of, permitto, -ere, 

-misT, -missum, with ace. and dat. 
think {believe), credo, -ere, -didi, -di- 

tum. 

Adverbs 
assuredly, profecto. 
at this moment, nunc, 
why? quid? 

Conjunction 
now if, quod si. 



126 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



Idiom 
just at the critical moment, ad 
ipsum discrimen. 

VOCABULARY XXXIV 

Nouns 
arrival, adventus, -us, m, 
recollection, memoria, -ae,/ 

Pronoun 
any, anyone or anything you will, 

quivis, quaevis, quidvis, and adj» 

quodvis. 

Adjectives 
flattering {honorable) , praeclarus, -a, 

-um. 
necessary, necesse, indecL 
unwillingly, say " unwilling^'' in- 

vitus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
abolish, tollo, -ere, sustulT, sublatum. 
delay, retardo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
create, facio, -ere, feci, factum. 
maintain, praest5, -are, -stitT, -statum. 
require (^demand) , require, -ere, 

-quisivi, -quTsitum. 
reside {be in), insum, -esse, -fuT, with 

in and abl. 
think, existim5, -are, -avi, -atum. 

Adverbs 
at any time, aliquandS; (<7/?^r num, 

sT, ne) quand5. 
rashly, temere. 
unwisely, n5n sapienter. 

Conjunction 
accordingly, itaque. 

Idioms 
by himself, per se. 
it is true, verum est, with ut a7td 

subj. 
it remains, reliquum est, with ut and 

subj. 
not to say more, ut plura non dicam. 

VOCABULARY XXXV 

Nouns 

blessing, bonum, -T, n. 
distinction, honos, -oris, ;«. 



future, the, reliqua, -drum, n. pL 
good fortune, good luck, fellcitas, 

-atis,yi 
indulgence, venia, -ae, / 
past, the, praeterita, -drum, n. pL 
son, filius, -i, m. 
view {proposition), ratio, -onis,y; 

Adjectives 
dangerous, perTcul5sus, -a, -um. 
displeasing, invTsus, -a, -um. 
fit, idoneus, -a, -um, with rel. and 

subj. 
fortunate, felix, -Tcis. 
industrious, laboriosus, -a, -um. 
rest, the, (ceterus), -a, -um {nom, 

sing. m. not in use). 

Verbs 
be sure, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 
complain, grumble, queror, -T, ques- 

tus sum. 
count, enumero, -are, -avT, -atum. 
dissent, dissentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensum. 
forgive, Tgnosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gn5- 

tum, with dat. of person. 
guarantee, praest5, -are, -stitT, 

-statum. 
obtain, impetro, -are, -avT, -atum. 
offer, offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum. 
proclaim, praedico, -are, -avi, -atum. 
toil, work hard, laboro, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
win {get), c5nsequor, -i, -seciitus 

sum. 

Adverbs 
boldly, audacter. 
most assuredly, sane. 

Preposition 
about, de, with abl. 

Conjunctions 
except, nisi. 
moreover, autem, postpositive. 

Idioms 
and all the more, eoque magis. 
be sure to, operam do, dare, dedi, 

datum, with ut and subj. 
have no share in, expers, -pertis sum, 

esse, fui, futiirus, with gen. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



127 



VOCABULARY XXXVI 

Nouns 

aid (Ops), opis, / {Nom. sing, does 
not occur except as the name of the 
goddess of Plenty^ 

client, cliens, -entis, 771. 

concession, venia, -ae,yC 

custom, consuetudo, -dinis,/ 

deliverance, salus, -utis,/ 

poet, poeta, -ae, in» 

style, genus, -eris, n, 

trial, iudicium, -1, n. 

Adjectives 
learned, erudltus, -a, -um. 
pleasing, iucundus, -a, -um. 
sixty, sexaginta, indecl. 

Verbs 
beg, quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesTtum, 

with ab and abl. 
bring, adfero, -ferre, attuli, adlatum. 
employ, utor, -T, usus sum. 
grant, tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum. 

Adverbs 
freely, libere. 
lastly, postremo. 
whereby, say " by tvhichP 

Conjunction 
whenever, cum. 

Idioms 
as far as in me lies, quantum in me 

situm est. 
be at variance with, abhorreo, -ere, 

-ui, with ab and abl. 
make {^one do anything), facio, -ere, 

feci, factum, with ut and subj. 
treated with great respect, summ5 

hon5re adfectus, -a, -um. 

VOCABULARY XXXVII 

Nouns 
branches of learning, pi. ^/ars, ar- 

tis,/ 
enthusiasm, interest, study, studium, 

-T, n. 
experience (^practice), exercitatio, 

-onis, / 



fortune, fortuna, -ae,/ 
training, discipllna, -ae,/ 

Pronoun 
whoever, whatever, si quis, sT quid, 
and adj. si qui, si qua, si quod. 

Adjective 
eligible, idoneus, -a, -um, with rel. 
and subj. 

Verbs 
admit, ascTsc5, -ere, -scTvi, -scTtum. 
devote {cipply), confero, -ferre, -tull, 

-latum, with ad and ace. 
enroll, ascrlbo, -ere, -scrips!, -scrTptum. 
glorify, orno, -are, -avT, -atum. 
penetrate, penetro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
proffer, defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. 
publish, spread abroad, celebro, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
relieve, levo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
wrong, violo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

Adverb 

really {in truth), vero. 
Idioms 

it makes no difference, nihil interest, 
with gen. of nouns, andinta,, tua, etc., 
in place of the pers. prons. 

mean-spirited, parvl animl, gen. 771. 

on account of which thing, where- 
fore, quam ob rem. 

possess {of qualities), in me, te, etc., 
est. 

take the trouble, operam d5, dare, 
dedi, datum, with ut and subj. 

VOCABULARY XXXVIII 

Nouns 
assistance, auxilium, -i, n, 
conversation, sermo, -onis, 7n, 
monument, monumentum, -T, «. 
property, bona, -orum, n. pi. 
relief, see aid, voc. xxxvi. 
triumph, triumphus, -T, w. 

Adjectives 
hateful, invisus, -a, -um. 
more important {pff7iore i77iporta7tce), 
pluris, gen. n. 



128 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



Verbs 
admonish, praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- 

tum, with ddt. 
consider, duc5, -ere, -duxT, ductum. 
covet, expet5, -ere, -petivi, -petitum. 
eulogize, honor, laudo, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
gaze upon, c6nspici5, -ere, -spexT, 

-spectum. 
get, obtain, consequor, -i, -secutus 

sum ; adipiscor, -i, adept us sum. 
pray, opto, -are, -avT, -atum, with ace, 

of thing requested and ab with abl. 

of the 07te to whom the prayer is 

addressed. 
reckon, puto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
wish for, cupi5, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 

Adverb 
truthfully, vere. 

Idioms 
is of small worth, parvl refert. 
deserving of, use 2d periphr, 

VOCABULARY XXXIX 

Nouns 
moral excellence, virtus, -utis, / 
prize, praemium, -1, n. 
reward, merces, -edis,yC 
right, ius, iuris, n, 
writer, scriptor, -oris, w. 
writing, scrlptum, -1, n. 

Adjectives 
distinguished, nobilis, -e. 
indifferent, durus, -a, -urn. 
official, publicus, -a, -um. 
old, vetus, -eris. 

Verbs 
banish, eicio, -ere, -iecT, -iectum. 
comprehend, percipio, -ere, -cepT, 

-ceptum. 
enter on the lists, ascribo, -ere, 

-scrTpsi, -scrlptum. 
exert, exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
reverence, show honor to, colo, -ere, 

-ui, cultum. 
seek after, expet5, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 
suppose, opinor, -ari, -atus sum. 
withdraw, detraho, -ere, -traxT, -trac- 

tum. 



Adverbs 
eagerly, studi5se. 
truly, v.ero. 

Idioms 
be very different from, multum dif- 

fero, -ferre, distulT, dilatum, with ab 

and abl. 
deeds, res gestae, rerum gestarum,yi 

//. / to do (great) deeds, res gero, 

-ere, gessT, gestum. 
of high principle, rebus optimTs in- 

stitutus, -a, -um. 
reckon among, ex eo numero existim5, 

-are, -avi, -atum. 
somewhat, use the comparative, 
the great, ille, -a, -ud, following the 

word with which it agrees, 

VOCABULARY XL 

Nouns 
attendant, comes, -itis, m, 
desire, cupiditas, -atis,/ 
detestation, odium, -T, n, 
feeling, sensus, -us, 7n. 
genius, ingenium, -1, n, 
high character, pudor, -oris, m, 
honor, laus, laudis,/ 
inclination, studium, -1, n, 
leisure, otium, -1, n, 
mental cultivation, humanitas, -atis, 

pain, dolor, -oris, 7n, 
qualities, artes, -ium, / //. 
virtue, virtus, -utis, / 
wrong, scelus, -eris, n. 

Adjectives 
farthest, ultimus, -a, -um. 
frequented, celeber, -bris, -bre. 
living, vivus, -a, -um. 
noble, nobilis, -e. 

of great importance, magnl, gen. n, 
of more importance, pliiris, gen. n, 
slight, exiguus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
accord, attribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum. 
be convinced, credo, -ere, -did!, -di- 

tum. 
be given to {be wont), sole5, -ere, 

-it us sum. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



129 



celebrate, celebro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
estimate, censeo, -ere, -uT, censum. 
exult, exsulto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
hold {consider), duco, -ere, duxl, 

ductum. 
isolate, secerno, -ere, -crevT, -cretum. 
look into, cognosc5, -ere, -gnovl, 

-gnitum. 
treat of, attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum. 

Adverbs 
correctly, recte. 
for my part, quidem, postpos, 
virtuously, honeste. 

Conjunctions 
and yet, atque tamen ; and yet . . . 
not, neque tamen. 

Idiom 
pursue studies, artls colo, -ere, colui, 
cultum. 

VOCABULARY XLI 

Nouns 
bore, malum, -T, n. 
learning, doctrma, -ae,/ 

Pronoun 
a kind of, quldam, quaedam, quiddam, 
and adj. quoddam. 

Adjectives 
distinguished, inlustris, -e. 
wonderful, mlrus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
be deficient in, careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 

zvith abl. 
be in, insum, -esse, -fuT, with in and 

abl. 
love {as a friend), diligo, -ere, -lexi, 

-lectum. 
mix, misceo, -ere, -uT, mixtum. 
set forth, doceo, -ere, -uT, doctum. 

Adverbs 
above all, maxime. 
as, tarn, 
as if, quasi, 
best, optime. 
lightly, leviter. 



Preposition 
in the presence of, apud, with ace. 

Idioms 
literary pursuits, scrlbendi studium. 
exercise a certain degree of restraint, 
modum quendam adhibeo, -ere,-ui, 
-itum. 

VOCABULARY XLII 

Nouns 
bandit, latro, -onis, i?i. 
cold, frigus, -oris, n. 
corps, manus, -us,yC 
hunger, fames, -is,/ 
inclination, voluntas, -atis, / 
old man, senex, senis, m. 
satisfaction, voluptas, -atis, f, 
spirit, animus, -1, ni. 
thirst, sitis, -is,/ 

Adjectives 
base, turpis, -e. 

devoid of hope, desperatus, -a, -um. 
in front, adversus, -a, -um. 
ruined, perditus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
desert, desero, -ere, -ui, -sertum. 
deter, deterreo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
despise, contemno, -ere, -tempsT, 

-temptum. 
discern, cerno, -ere, crevi, certum. 
disguise, dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
endure, perfer5, -ferre, -tulT, -latum. 
escape {shun), vito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
experience {enjoy), fruor, -1, fructus 

sum, with abl. 
gather, conlig5, -ere, -legT, -lectum. 
impel, exerce5, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
mention, commemoro, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
permit, patior, -T, passus sum. 
procure, pario, -ere, peperT, partum. 
run away, fugio, -ere, fugl. 
take prisoner, capio, -ere, cepT, cap- 

tum. 

Adverb 
as though, quasi. 

Prepositions 
in comparison with, prae, with abl. 
towards, ad, with ace. 



I30 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



Conjunction 
wherever, ubi. 

Idioms 
cannot but, facere n5n possum quin, 

with subj. 
in the eyes of, express by using the dat. 
it is a well-authenticated fact, satis 
constat. 

VOCABULARY XLIII 

Nouns 
concern (^suffering), dolor, -oris, m. 
hatred, odium, -i, n. 
nation, populus, -I, m, 
parts {of a country)^ pi. of regio, 

-onis, f 
victory, victoria, -ae,/ 

Adjectives 
fresh, novus, -a, -um. 
immense, maximus, -a, -um. 
maddened, furens, -entis. 
prostrate, prostratus, -a, -um. 
sure, certus, -a, -um. 
veteran, vetus, -eris. 

Verbs 
besiege, obsideo, -ere, -sedT, -sessum. 
conceal, celo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
lie, iaceo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
prevent, impedio, -ire, -ivT, -itum, 

with ne, quominus, or quin, and 

subj, 
rout, pello, -ere, pepulT, pulsum. 
suppose, put5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
withstand, resisto, -ere, -stiti. 

Adverbs 
at all, omnino. 
at length, tandem. 
in the open, palam. 
plainly, manifesta. 

Idioms 
beyond question, sine controversia. 
contrary to expectation, praeter 

opinionem. 
possible, express by using forms of 

possum. 
so to speak, ut ita dicam. 
take heart, rebus meis, tuTs, suTs, etc,^ 

melius confido, -»re, -fisus sum. 



VOCABULARY XLIV 

Nouns 
author, auctor, -oris, m. 
consciousness, sensus, -us, m, 
desire, studium, -i, n. 
fault {blame) , culpa, -ae, f\ 
league, societas, -atis,y^ 
love, amor, -oris, m, 
philosopher, sapiens, -entis, m, 
slumber, somnus, -i, m. 

Adjectives 
atrocious, foedus, -a, -um. 
creditable, honestus, -a, -um. 
keen, acer, acris, acre. 
the majority, plerusque, -aque, 

-umque, generally in plur, 
to a man, cunctus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
actuate, trah5, -ere, traxi, tractum. 
admit, confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum. 
affirm, c5nfirmo, -are, -avI, -atum. 
attract, duco, -ere, duxT, ductum. 
be absent, absum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, 

with ab and dhl, 
despair of, despero, -are, -avT, -atum, 

with de and abl., or with ace. 
drink, bib5, -ere, bibi. 
gain, c5nsequor, -i, -seciitus sum. 
lay away, mando, -are, -avi, -atum, 

with ace. and dat. 
let go, emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. 
realize, senti5, -ire, sens!, sensum. 
reproach, accuso, -are, -avT, -atum. 
strive for, expet5, -ere, -petTvT, -petl- 

tum. 

Abverbs 
alone, solum. 
bitterly, vehementer. 
deep, deeply, penitus. 
rather, potius. 
still {nevertheless^^ tamen. 

Conjunction 
save, nisi ; also prep, praeter, with ace. 

Idioms 
it is certain, satis constat. 
mind and soul, animus mensque. 
with the intention that, eo consilio 
ut, with subj. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 



131 



VOCABULARY XLV 

Nouns 
counsel, consilium, -T, n. 
exercise, exercitati5, -onis, f, 
folly, stultitia, -ae,/ 
food, cibus, -1, /;/. 
old age, senectiis, -utis,yC 
household, familia, -ae, yC 
kindness, officium, -1, n. 
lifetime, time {age)^ aetas, -atis,/ 
misfortune, malum, -T, n, 
physical strength, powers, //. ^/vis, 
vis,y; 

responsibility, cura, -ae, / 

rest, requies, -etis,yC 

service, officium, -i, n, 

stripling, youth, adulescens, -entis, m, 

suffering, dolor, -oris, 771, 

Adjectives 
bodily, use gen, ^/corpus, -oris, n. 
delightful, dulcis, -e. 
happy, felTx, -icis. 
long, longus, -a, -um. 
pitiable, miserandus, -a, -um. 

Verbs 
accomplish (^attain), consequor, -1, 

-secutus sum. 
be strong, valeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
bring, adfero, -ferre, attulT, adlatum. 
come to, perveniS, -ire, -vem, -ventum, 

7uiih ad a7id ace, 
govern, rego, -ere, rexT, rectum. 
look back upon, respici5, -ere, -spexi, 

-spectum. 
perform, fungor, -1, functus sum, with 

abl. 
publish, ed5, -ere, -didi, ditum. 
recall (^call back)^ revoco, -are, -avi, 

-atum ; {i^ecolleci) , recordor, -ari, 

-atus sum, with ace. 
release, solvo, -ere, solv!, soliltum. 
revive, refici5, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 

Adverbs 
at the same time {also), quoque, 

postpos. 
justly, iuste. 



surely, sane, 
thus, ita. 

Conjunction 
albeit, cum, with subj. 

Idioms 
after the manner, abl, <?/"mos, moris, m, 
as much ... as {adv.), tam . . . 

quam ; tantum . . . quantum. 
be intimate with, familiariter iitor, 

-1, usus sum, with abl, 
suffer pain, dol5rem capio, -ere, cepT, 

captum. 

VOCABULARY XLVI 

Nouns 
campaign, helium, -1, n, 
command, imperium, -T, n, 
fleet, classis, -is,y. 
mouth {of a river), 5stium, -T, n, 
sea, mare, -is, ft, 

second in command, legatus, -1, w. 
troops, copiae, •d.xwm, f, pL 

Adjectives 
competent, idoneus, -a, -um, with rel, 

afid subj. 
earlier, superior, -ius. 
well-trained, erudltus, -a, -um. 
without a share in, expers, -pertis, 

with geTt, 

Verbs 
commit {hajtd ^z'(?r), trado, -ere, -did!, 

-ditum. 
decide, constituo, -ere, stituT, -stitutum. 
end {oj a war), conficio, -ere, -feci, 

-fectum. 
flaunt, iacto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
love, amo, -are, avT, -atum. 
want, expeto, -ere, -ivi, itum. 

Adverbs 
formerly, olini. 
fortunately, fe licit er. 
nowhere, nusquam. 
so often, totiens. 

Idiom 
on land and sea, terra marique. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



abandon, relinqu5, -ere, -liqui, -lic- 

tum. 
abide, maneo, -ere, mansT, mansum. 
abolish, toll5, -ere, sustuli, sublatum. 
about {prep.).) de, wilh abl. ; {adv.)y 

circiter. 
Abraham, Abraham, -ae, or indecl.^ 7?t, 
abundance, copia, -ae,/. 
accept, capi5, -ere, cepi, captum. 
accomplice, socius, -T, m, 
accomplish, adsequor and consequor, 

-1, -secutus sum; conficio, -ere, 

-feci, -fectum. 
accord {vej'b), attribuo, -ere, -uT, 

-utum; of my, your, his, etc., own 

accord, mea, tua, sua, etc., sponte. 
accordingly, itaque. 
according to, express by the abl.., with 

or without ex. 
account (consider)., habe5, -ere, -uT, 

-itum. 
accuse, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, with 

ge?i. of the charge. 
act {verb), facio, -ere, feci, factum; 

{noun)., factum, -T, n, 
actual, ipse, -a, -um. 
actuate, traho, -ere, traxi, tractum. 
A.D., post Christum natum. 
administer, administro, -are, -avi, 

-aturA. 
admire, admiror, -ari, -atus sum. 
admit {adopt), ascisco, -ere, -scTvT, 

-scTtum; {confess)., confiteor, -eri, 

-fessus sum; fateor, -eri, fassus sum. 

Confessus rather thaji fassus should 

be used in writing prose. 
admonish, admoneo, -ere, -uT, -itum, 

with ace. of the person and de and 

abl. of the thing ; praecipio, -ere, 

-cepT, -ceptum, with dat. of the per- 
son. 
advance, procedo, -ere, -cessi, -ces- 

sum. 



advantage, usus, -us, m. 

advice, c5nsilium, -i, n. 

advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 

Aeduan, Aeduus, -i, m, 

affect, adficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 

affirm, confirmo, -are, -avT, -atum. 

afraid, be, timeo, -ere, -ui. 

after {prep.), post, with ace. ; {conj?)^ 

postquam. 
after the manner, more. 
afterwards, postea; post. 
again and again, etiam atque etiam. 
against, contra, with ace. 
age, aetas, -atis,y. 
agitate, concito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
agreeable, dulcis, -e; iucundus, -a, 

-um. 
aid {verb), {stand by), adsum, -esse, 

-fuT, -futurus, with dat. ; {help in 

any way), iuvo and adiuvo, -are, 

-iuvi, -iutum, with ace. 
aid («^««), auxilium, -i, «.; (Ops), 

opis, f. The nom. si?ig. of the latter 

word is not used except as the fiame 

of the goddess of Pleftty . 
aim at, pet5, -ere, -Ivi, -itum. 
a kind of, quTdam, quaedam, quid- 
dam, and adj. quoddam. 
alarm, moveo and commoveo, -ere, 

-movi, -motum. 
albeit, cum, with subj.; etsi, with 

indie, or subj. 
a little while before, paulo ante, 
all, omnis, -e; all the {with super I.), 

quisque, with super I., in sing. 
allow, patior, -i, passus sum; sin5, 

-ere, sivi, situm. 
ally, socius, -T, m. 
almost, fere, paene. 
alone {adj.), solus, -a, -um; unus, -a, 

-um; {adv.), solum; tantum. 
already, iam. 
also, (i\ViO<i\}iQ, postpos., etiam. 



^ZZ 



134 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



altar, ara, -ae,/. 

although, cum; etiamsT; etsi; licet; 
quamquam; quamvis. 

always, semper. 

ambassador, legatus, -T, m. 

American, Americanus, -a, -um. 

amid, among, inter, zvith ace, apud, 
with ace. 

a movement is on foot, id agitur ut, 
with subj. 

ancient, antiquus, -a, -um; the an- 
cients, maiores, -um, m. pi. 

and {^simple connective)., et; (^con- 
necting mid uniting in thought), 
-que, enclitic ; {laying emphasis on 
the second of the two things con- 
nected) , z.ic\yiQ and 2iC. Do not use 
the form ac before a vowel. 

and all the more, e5que magis. 

and so, itaque. 

and yet, at que tamen; and yet . . . 
not, neque tamen. 

angry, iratus, -a, -um. 

annex, adiung5, -ere, -iunxT, -iunctum, 
with ad and ace. 

answer, responded, -ere, -spondT, 
-sponsum. 

Antioch, Antiochia, -ae,/. 

anxiety, cura, -ae,/. ; {fear), timor, 
-oris, m. 

any, anyone, anything, aliquis, ali- 
quid, and adj. aliquT, aliqua, aliquod; 
{after si, nisi, ne, num), quis, quid, 
and adj. f a7td n., qua, quod; {in 
neg. expressions), quisquam, quae- 
quam, quidquam or quicquam, adj. 
quodquam; any one or anything 
you please, quTvis, quaevls, quidvis, 
aitd adj. quodvTs; {interr. : ''''is 
there any one who?'''* etc.), ecquis, 
ecquid, and adj. ecqui, ecquae and 
ecqua, ecquod; {adj. in neg. ex- 
pressions), uUus, -a, -um. 

appear, videor, -eri, visus sum. 

appease, placo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

apply, confero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, 
with ad and ace. of that to which 
the thing is applied. 

appoint, constituo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. 

appreciate, intellego, -ere, -lexT, -lec- 
tum. 

approach {verb), adpropinquo, -are, 



-avT, -atum, with dat. ; {noun), 
aditus, -us, m. 

approbation, laus, laudis,/ 

Archias, Archias, -ae, m. 

arise from, orior, -irl, ortus sum, with 
ab and abl. 

arm, arm5, -are, -avT, -atum. 

armor, arms, arma, -orum, n. pi. 

army, exercitus, -us, ;;/. 

arouse, incito, -are, -avi, -atum. 

arrest, comprehends, -ere, -hendl, 
-hensum. 

arrival, adventus, -us, w. 

arrive at, pervenio, -ire, -venT, -ven- 
tum, with ad and ace. Ad is 
omitted with names of towns, domus, 
etc. 

arrogantly, superbe. 

art, ars, artis,/ 

as {conj.), ut, with indie. 

as {in correlative sentences), as {with 
adj. or adv.) . . . as, tam . . . 
quam; as ... as possible, quam, 
with sup.', as many ... as, tot 
. . . quot; as often ... as, totiens 
. . . quotiens; such ... as, talis 
. . . qualis; eius modi . . . qui; as 
great . . . as, tantus . . . quantus; 
the same ... as, idem ... qui; 
by the same way ... as, eadem 
. . .qua; as much ... as {adv.) 
tantum . . . quantum; tam . . . 
quam ; as {to introduce a predicate 
noun), usually not translated. 

a second time, iterum. 

as far as, quantum; as far as in me 
lies, quantum in me situm est. 

as great, tantus, -a, -um. 

ashamed, be, pudet, -ere, -uit, with 
ace. of per s. aftd gen. of thing, or 
inf. 

Asia, Asia, -ae, / 

Asiatic, Asiaticus, -a, -um. 

as if, quasi; velut sT, with subj. 

as it is {contrasted with a previous 
assumption), nunc. 

as it were, quasi. 

ask, ask for, rogo, -are, -avT, -atum, 
with two aces. ; {request) peto, -ere, 
-ivi, -itum, with ab and abl. ; {in- 
quire) quaero, -ere, quaesTvi, quae- 
situm, with ab and abl. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



135 



ask one's advice, consuls, -ere, -ul, 

consultum, with ace, of the person 

consulted. 
as long as {of time), dum; quoad; 

{providea that), dum; modo; dum 

modo, 7vith stibj. 
as many, tot. 
as much, tantus, -a, -um. 
as often, totiens. 
assassination, caedes, -is,/ 
assemble {^i^ttrans.), convenio, -Ire, 

-veni, -ventum; {trans.), convoco, 

-are, -avi, -atum. 
assembly, coetus, -us, m. 
assert, confirmo, -are, -avT, -atum; 

praedico, -are, -avi, -atum. 
assign, tribuo, -ere, -uT, -litum, with 

dat. 
assistance, auxilium, -i, n. 
as SOOnas, ubi; cumprlmum; ut pri- 

mum; simul atque; with ind. 
as soon as ever, ut prlmum, with ind, 
as soon as possible, quam prlmum. 
assure, confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
assuredly, profect5. 
as though, quasi; velut si, with subj, 
as yet, adhuc. 
at {of place), in, with ahl. ; of names 

of towns, domus, etc., use loc. ; 

{near), ad, with ace; {of time), 

use abl. 
at all, omnlno. 
at any time, aliquando; after num, 

si, ne, quando may be used, 
at first, primo. 
at least, quidem, postpos, 
at length, at last, tandem. 
at once, statim. 
atrocious, foedus, -a, -um. 
attract, duco, -ere, duxl, ductum. 
at some time, see at any time, 
at the same time {also), express by 

Idem, item, or quoque. 
attack {verb), {charge upon), impe- 

tum facio, -ere, feci, factum, with 

in and ace. ; {thrust at), peto, -ere, 

-IvI, -Itum; {rise up against), ado- 

rior, -Irl, -ortus sum. 
attack {noun), impetus, -lis, m. 
attain, adsequor and consequor, -I, 

-secutus sum; adiplscor, -I, adeptus 

sum. 



attempt {verb), conor, -arl, -atus 
sum; tempto and tento, -are, -avi, 
-atum; {nouji), conatus, -us, m. 

attendant, comes, -itis, w. 

at the house of, ad, with ace. 

at this moment, nunc. 

august, sanctus, -a, -um. 

August, Augustus, -I; {before the ti?ne 
of the first Roman emperor), Sex- 
tilis, -is {sc. mensis). 

author, auctor, -oris, m. For the author 
of a book, scrlptor may also be used, 

authority, auctoritas, -atis,/. 

avarice, avaritia, -ae,/. 

avenge, vindic5, -are, -avi, atum. 

avert, depello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum. 

avoid, vlto, -are, -avi, -atum. 

await, exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum. 

away, be, absum, -esse, afui, afuturus, 
with ab and abl. 

bad, malus, -a, -um. 

band, manus, -us,y". 

bandit, latro, -onis, m., 

bane, pestis, -is,y*. 

banish, expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum; 
eicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectum. 

barbarian, barbarus, -I, w 

bare, nudus, -a, -um. 

base, turpis, -e. 

battle, proelium, -i, n. ; pugna, -ae,yC 

B.C., ante Christum natum. 

be, sum, esse, ful, futurus. 

be able, possum, posse, potul. 

be absent, absum, -esse, afuI, afutu- 
rus, with ab a7id abl. 

be afraid {greatly), pertimesco, -ere, 
-timul; {be in state of fear), timeo, 
-ere, -ul; {be in awe), vereor, -eri, 
-itus sum; {be apprehensive), me- 
tuo, -ere, -ul. 

be agreed upon, consentio, -Ire, -sensi, 
-sensum, with ad aiia ace. of noun 
or ger. 

be alarmed, see be afraid. 

be anxious to, cupi5, -ere, -IvI, -Itum, 
with inf. 

be ashamed, pudet, -ere, -uit, 7vith 
ace. of the person and gen. of the 
thijtg, or inf. 

be at variance with, abhorreo, -ere, 
-ul, with ab and abl. 



136 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



bear, fero, ferre, tulT, latum. 

be as strong as possible, quam plu- 
rimum valeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 

be at hand, adsum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus. 

be at stake, passive of ago, -ere, egi, 
actum. 

beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. 

be between, intersum, -esse, -fui, -fu- 
turus, with inter and ace. 

be born, nascor, -i, natus sum. 

because, quod; quia, with indie. 

because of, abl. of eatise ; ob or prop- 
ter with ace. 

become, flo, fieri, factus sum. 

be convinced, credo, -ere, -did!, 
-ditum. 

be deficient in, careo, -ere, -uT, -itum, 
with abl, 

be distant from, absum, -esse, afuT, 
afuturus, with ab and abl. 

be enabled, see be able. 

be engaged, versor, -ari, -atus sum, 
ivith in and abl. 

befitting, dignus, -a, -um, with abl. 

before {adv.), antea; ante; {prep.), 
ante, with ace.; {in the presence 
of), apud, zvith ace.; {eonj.), ante- 
quam; priusquam. 

be free from, care5, -ere, -uT, -itum, 
with abl. 

beg, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum; quaero, 
-ere, quaesivi, quaesTtum, both words 
with ab a7td abl. of the person en- 
treated. 

begin, incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. 
Instead of the perfect of this verb it 
is better to use coepi, -isse. If the 
infin. depending on this verb be 
passive, use coeptus sum instead of 
coepi. 

beginning, initium, -i, n.\ princi- 
pium, -1, n. 

be given to {be accustomed), soleo, 
-ere, solitus sum. 

be glad, be glad of, laetor, -ari, -atus 
sum. 

be greatly mistaken, vehementer 
erro, -are, -avT, -atum. 

be hated, in odio esse, with apud and 
ace. 

behave, me, te, se, etc., gero, -ere, 
gessi, gestum. 



be ignorant, Tgnoro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
be in, Insum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus, with 

in and abl. 
be inactive, quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etum. 
be indifferent to, neglego, -ere, -lexi, 

-lectum. 
be in difficulties, laboro, -are, -avI, 

-atum. 
be intimate with, familiariter iitor, -T, 

lisus sum, with abl. 
Belgae, Belgae, -arum, m. pi. 
believe, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 

with dat. of pers. but ace. of fact 

believed. 
belong to, express by a pred. gen. with 

sum, or use a possessive pron. 
be necessary, use the 2d periphr. 
benefit, be of service, prosum, prod- 

esse, profuT, profuturus, ivith dat. 
be of small worth, parvi refert. 
be one's good fortune, 3d sing, of 

continue, -ere, -tigl, -tactum, with 

dat. of the person benefited, 
be pleasing to, placeo, -ere, -uT, 

-itum, ivith dat. 
be present at, intersum, -esse, -fuT, 

-futurus, with dat., or in and abl. 
beseech, oro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
besiege, obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum. 
be silent, taceo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
be sorry, doleo, -ere, -uT, -itum, with 

inf. or a 0^0^-clause. 
best {adv.), optime. 
bestow, defer5, -ferre, -tulT, -latum, 

zvith ad and ace,, or zvith dat.; 

mando, -are, -avT, -atum, with dat. 
be strong, valeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
be sure, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. 
be sure to, euro, -are, -avi, -atum; 

facio, -ere, feci, factum {particu- 
larly in the i??iper.); operam do, 

dare, dedi, datum, all with ut or ne 

and subj. 
be surprised, mlror, -ari, -atus sum, 

with ace. and inf., or a o^o^-clause. 
be the first to, use primus in aggrt. 

with the subject of the verb, as priiiu 

flumen transierunt, ^^ they were the 

first to cross the river.''^ 
be to the advantage of, see it is to 

one's interest, 
betray, prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



137 



better (^adj.), melior, -ius; {adv.), 

melius. 
be unaware, nescio, -Ire, -TvT, -itum. 
be very different from, multum dif- 

fero, -ferre, distuli, dilatum, with ab 

and abl. 
be well, valeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
be willing, volo, velle, voluT. 
be wont, soleo, -ere, solitus sum, with 

inf. 
beyond question, sine controversia. 
bitterly, graviter; vehementer. 
blessing, bonum, -1, n. 
bodily, ^^«. <?/ corpus, -oris, n. 
body, corpus, -oris, n, 
bold, audax, -acis. 
boldly, audacter. 
boldness, audacia, -ae, /. 
book, liber, -bri, m. 
bore, malum, -T, n. 
born, be, nascor, -1, natus sum. 
both, uterque, -traque, -trumque {lit. 

^* each^\' only used in sing., except 

when referring to two groups) ; 

ambo, -ae, 6; both . . . and, et . . . 
et. 
branches of learning,//, ^/ars, artis, / 
brave, fortis, -e. 
bravely, fortiter. 

break, frango, -ere, fregi, fractum. 
breath, spiritus, -us, ;;/. 
bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
bring, fero and adfero, -ferre, (at)tuli, 

(ad)latum. 
bring aid, auxilium fero, ferre, tulT, 

latum, with dat. 
bring forth, pario, -ere, peperi, par- 

tum. 
bring one's mind to, animum induco, 

-ere, -diixi, -ductum, with ut and 

subj. 
bring to, adfero, -ferre, attull, adla- 

tum, with ad and ace. 
bring to one's notice, defero, -ferre, 

-tuli, -latum, with ad and ace. 
bring to pass, efficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- 

tum, with ut and subj. 
bring to trial, in iudicium adduco, 

-ere, -diixT, -ductum. 
bring word, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. 
brother, frater, -tris, in. 
Brundisium, Brundisium, -I, n. 



Brutus, Brutus, -T, m. 

burdened, oppressus, -a, -um. 

bury, sepelio, -Ire, -IvI, sepultum. 

but, sed; autem {postpos.); verum; 
at. 

butcher, trucldo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

but if {when there is a preceding con- 
dition) , sin ; {when a condition does 
not precede), quod si. 

by {of the agent), ah, with abl.; {of 
the 77ieans), the abl. without a prep, 

by chance, forte. 

by command, iussu, abl. m. 

by himself, per se; per se ipsum. 

by the same way or route, eadem. 

Caesar, Caesar, -aris, ;;/. 

call, appello, -are, -avi, -atum; voco, 

-are, -avi, -atum. 
camp, castra, -orum, n.pl. 
campaign, stipendium, -1, n.\ bel- 

liim, -I, n. 
Campus Martins, campus, -1, m. ; or, 

fully expressed, campus Mart ius. 
can, possum, posse, potul. 
cannot but, cannot help, cannot keep 

from, facere non possum, with quin 

and subj. 
capacity, virtus, -utis,/ 
Capua, Capua, -ae,/. 
Carbo, Carb5, -onis, ;;/. 
care, cura, -ae,/ 
carefully, dlligenter. 
carefulness, dlligentia, -ae,/ 
carry on, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. 
Carthage, Karthago, -inis,/ 
case, causa, -ae,/ 

cast down, abici5, -ere, -iecl, iectum. 
catch sight of, conspici5, -ere, -spexi, 

-spectum. 
Catiline, Catillna, -ae, ;//. 
cause, causa, -ae,/ 
cavalry, equitatus, -lis, w.; or use the 

pi. of horseman, eques, -itis, m. 
cease, desino, -ere, -sivl and -sil, -si- 

tum; desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum. 
celebrate, celebro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
censure, reprehendo, -ere, -hendi, 

-hensum. 
certain, a, quidam, quaedam, quid- 
dam, and adj. quoddam. 
certainly, profecto. 



138 GENERAL VOCABULARY 

cesspool, ship's bilge, sentlna, -ae,/. commander, imperator, -oris, m,'y dux, 
Cethegus, Cethegus, -T, w. ducis, m, 

chain, vinculum, -I, n. commendation, laus, laudis, / 

change, muto, -are, -avi, -atum. commit {of cri7nes\ concipio, -ere, 
character {kind\ genus, -eris, n. -cepi, -ceptum; facio, -ere, feci, 

charge, accuso, -are, -avI, -atum, with factum; {intrust) ^ixdido, -ere, -didi, 

gen. of the charge. -ditum, with dat. 

charm, delecto, -are, -avI, -atum, with commonwealth, res publica, rei pub- 

acc, licae, / 

charming, iucundus, -a, -um. companion, comes, -itis, m. 

check {stop), prohibeo, -ere, -ui, compel, cogo, -ere, coegT, coactum. 

-itum; {press back), reprimd, -ere, competent, idoneus, -a, -xnnfWith qui 

-press!, -pressum. and subj, 

chief, princeps, -ipis, m. complain, queror, -i, questus sum, with 
children {of free parents), liberT, acc.andinf,orwitha(\\xodi-clause, 

-orum, m, pi.-, {general word), complete, conficio and perficio, -ere, 

pueri, -orum, nu pi, -feci, -fectum. 

Chios, men of, Chii, -orum, m. pi. comprehend, percipio, -ere, -cepT, 
choose, deligo, -ere, -leg!, -lectum. -ceptum. 

Cicero, Cicero, -onis, w. comrade, socius, -i, m» 

circumstance, res, rei,/. conceal, cel5, -are, -avi, -atum; {keep 
citizen, civis, -is, m. from escaping), contine5, -ere, 

citizenship, civitas, -atis,/ -tinuT, -tentum. 

city, urbs, -is,/ concerns, it, interest or refert with 
civil, domesticus, -a, -um. gen. of the person concerned, or, if 

claim, vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, that be a personal pronoun^ with the 

class, genus, -eris, n. abl. sing. fern, of the corresponding 

clear, manifestus, -a, -um. possessive. 

clearly, plane; manifesto. concern, dolor, -oris, m. 

client, cliens, -entis, m. concerning, de, with abl. 

Clusium, Clusium, -i, w.; of Clu- concession, venia, -ae,/. 

slum, Cliisinus, -a, -um. condition, condicio, -5nis,/. 

cold, frlgus, -oris, w. conduct, administro, -are, -avi, -atum; 
come, venio, -ire, veni, ventum. conduct oneself, me, te, se, etc., 

come into conflict, confligo, -ere, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. 

-flixi, -flictum, with cum and abl. confess, fateor, -eri, -fassus sum; con- 
come to, pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- fiteor, -eri, -fessus sum. Use the 

tum, with ad and ace. The prep, is form confessus rather than the less 

omitted with names of towns, domus, common fassus. 

etc. conflagration, incendium, -i, n. 

come together, conveni5, -ire, -veni, conflicting, contrarius, -a, -um. 

ventum. consciousness, sensus, -us, m. 

come to pass, fi6, fieri, factus sum, consider {contetnplate), c5gito, -are, 

with ut and subj. -avT, -atum; c5nsider6, -are, -avi, 

coming, adventus, -us, 7n. -atum; {deem), habeo, -ere, -uT, 

comitium, comitium, -i, n. -itum; duco, -ere, -duxi, ductum; 

command {verb), iubeo, -ere, iussT, {reckon), existimo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

iussum, with ace. and inf.; im- conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis,/ 

pero, -are, -avi, -atum, with dat. conspirator, coniuratus, -I, m. 

and ut or ne with subj.; {noun), consul, consul, -ulis, m. 

imperium, -I, n.', by command consulship, consulatus, -us, m. 

iussu, abl. w. contain, contineo, -ere, -ul, -tentum. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



139 



contemplate {ahfi at)^ quaero, -ere, 
quaesivi, quaesitum. 

contend, contendo, -ere, -tend!, -ten- 
turn. 

contrary to expectation, praeter 
opinionem. 

conversation, sermo, -onis, m. 

Corinth, Corinth us, -1,/ 

corps, manus, -us,/*. 

correctly, recte. 

counsel, consilium, -1, n. 

count, enumero, -are, -avi, -atum. 

country {native /tf;/^),patria, -a-e,/. ; 
{politically considered)^ res pu- 
blica, rei publicae, /. ; {rural dis- 
tricts)^ rus, rGris, n.\ {cotmtryside), 
pi. <7/*ager, agrl, m. 

courage, virtus, -utis, /. 

courageous, fortis, -e. 

courageously, fortiter. 

covet {in good sense'), expeto, -ere, 
-ivi, -itum. 

covetous, avidus, -a, -um. 

covetousness, cupiditas, -atis,/ 

cowardly, timidus, -a, -um. 

create, facio, -ere, feci, factum. 

creditable, honestus, -a, -um. 

crime, scelus, -eris, «. 

crisis, discrimen, -inis, n, 

cruel, crudelis, -e. 

cruelly, crudeliter. 

cruelty, crudeUtas, -atis, / 

crush, opprimo, -ere, -press!, -pres- 
sum. 

cry, cry out, clamo, -are, -avI, -atum, 

cultivation, humanitas, -atis,/ 

custom, mos, moris, m, ; consuetudo, 
-dinis,/ 

cut off, intercludd, -ere, -clusT, -clusum. 

cut to pieces, occldo, -ere, -cidi, 
-cisum. 

daily, cotldie. 
danger, periculum, -T, n. 
dangerous, perlculosus, -a, -um. 
dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. 
daring {adj.), audax, -acis; (jtoun), 

audacia, -ae, / 
darkness, tenebrae, -arum,///, 
dart, telum, -1, «. 
daughter, filia, -ae,/ 
dawn, at, prima luce. 



day, dies, -ei, m. a7id f. ; in pi. always 
m.'y two days, biduum, -1, w; three 
days, triduum, -T, n. 

daybreak, at, see at dawn. 

day by day, in dies. 

dear, carus, -a, -um. 

death, mors, mortis,/ 

debt, aes alienum, aeris alien!, n. 

decide, decide on, statuo and c5n- 
stituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, with inf. 

declare, dic5, -ere, d!xi, dictum. 

declare guilty, damno, -are, -avT, 
-atum, with gen. of the crime. 

declare war, bellum indico, -ere, 
-dix!, -dictum, with dat. 

decree, decern5, -ere, -crev!, -cretum. 

deed, factum, -!, n. ; deeds, exploits, 
res gestae, / //. ; do deeds, res 
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. 

defense of, in, pro, with abl. 

deem, diico, -ere, diix!, ductum. 

deep {adv.)y penitus. 

defeat, pello, -ere, pepul!, pulsum. 

defend, defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum, 
with ab and abl. of the danger. 

defenses, moenia, -ium, 71. pL [-atum. 

delay {trans.), retardd, -are, -av!, 

deliberate, delibero, -are, -avI, -atum. 

deliberation, deliberatio, -onis,/ 

deliberative body, consilium, -!, n, 

delight, delecto, -are, -av!, -atum, 
with ace, 

delightful, dulcis, -e; iucundus, -a, 
-um. 

deliver or make a speech, orationem 
habeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 

deliverance, salus, -iitis,/ 

demand {as a right), postulo, -are, 
-av!, -atum; {request), posco, -ere, 
poposc!; {issue injunctions to), im- 
pero, -are, -av!, -atum, with dat. of 
person and ace. of thing denianded, 

deny, nego, -are, -av!, -atum. 

depart, discedo, -ere, -cess!, -cessum. 

depraved, perditus, -a, -um. 

deprive, pr!vo, -are, -av!, -atum, with 
abl. of the thing of which one is de- 
prived. 

descended, ortus, -a, -um, with ab 
and abl. 

desert, desero, -ere, -u!, desertum. 

deserts, meritum, -1, w. 



140 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



deserve, mereor, -en, -itus sum, and 
mereo, -ere, -uT, -itum; dignus esse 
ivith abl. or qui aiid suhj.; debeo, 
-ere, -uT, -itum, with inf. 

deserving, deserving of, dignus, -a, 
-um, zvith abl. or qui and subj.; or 
express by the 2d periphr. 

design, consilium, -1, n. 

desire {verb), {choose'), opto, -are, 
-avi, -atum ; {wish for), cupio, 
-ere, -ivi, -itum ; {seek after), ex- 
peto, -ere, -ivT, -itum ; {noun), 
{lo7tging), cupiditas, -atis, f\ 
{eagerness), studium, -i, n. 

desire a revolution, novis rebus 
studeo, -ere, -uT. 

despair of, despero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
with ace, or de and abl, 

desperate {ruined), perditus, -a, 
-um. 

despise, contemno, -ere, -tempsT, 
-temptum. 

destroy {in any manner), deleo, -ere, 
-evi, -etum; {cut or break down), 
rescindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum. 

destruction, exitium, -T, n. 

detect, deprehendo, -ere, -prehendi, 
-prehensum. 

deter, deterreo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 

determine, statuo and constituo, -ere, 
-uT, -utum. 

detestation, odium, 1, n. 

devastate, vasto, -are, -avT, -atum. 

devoid of hope, desperatus, -a, -um. 

devote {apply), confero, -ferre, -tulT, 
-latum, Te^zV/^ ad and ace, ; {give tip 
to), transmitto, -ere, -mTsT, -missum, 
with dat.; {devote oneself to some- 
thing), se ad aliquid conferre. 

die, morior, morl, mortuus sum. 

different, alius, -a, -ud. 

differently from, aliter atque (ac). 

dignity, dignitas, -atis, /. 

diligence, diligentia, -ae,/. 

diligently, dlligenter. 

direction {quarter), pars, partis,/". 

disagree with, dissentio, -ire, -sensi, 
-sensum, with ab and abl. 

disagreement, dissensio, -onis,/. 

disaster, calamitas, -atis,/. 

discern, cernd, -ere, crevT, certum. 

discourage, deterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 



discover, reperio, -Ire, repperi, reper- 

tum. 
discuss with, ago, -ere, eg!, actum, 

with cum and abl. 
disguise, dissimulo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
display, iacto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
displeasing, invisus, -a, -um. 
dissemble, dissimulo, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
dissent, dissentio, -ire, -sens!, -sen- 
sum. 
distinction, honos <2«^honor, -oris, m. 
distinguished, clarus, -a, -um; inlus- 

tris, -e; nobilis, -e. 
disturb, moveo and commoveo, -ere, 

-movi, -motum. 
disturbance, tumultus, -us, m. 
dispute {quarrel), concerto, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
divulge, enuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. 
do, ago, -ere, egi, actum; facio, -ere, 

feci, factum; do deeds, res gero, 

-ere, gessT, gestum. 
do good, prosum, prodesse, profuT, 

profutiirus, with dat. 
do harm, noceo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
domain, dominion, imperium, -1, n. 
doom {fate), fatum, -1, n. 
doubt, dubito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
doubt (there is no doubt that), non 

est dubium, nemini est dubium, with 

quin a7id subj. 
down stream, secundo flumine. 
drag, traho, -ere, traxi, tractum. 
draw nearer, propius accedo, -ere, 

-cessi, -cessum. 
draw out, exhaurio, -Ire, -hausi, -haus- 

tum. 
dread {verb), {of simple fear), timeo, 

-ere, -ul; {of apprehensive fear), 

metu5, -ere, -ul; {fioun), formido, 

-inis,/; metus, -us, m. 
drink, bibo, -ere, bibl. 
drive, drive from, eicio, -ere, -iecl, 

-iectum, with ex a7td abl. 
during, per, with ace. ; de, with abl., 

in such phrases as de tertia vigilia. 
dwelling, tectum, -i, n, 

each {oftiuo), uterque, -traque, -trum- 
que; {of more than /ze^^), quisque, 
quaeque, quidque, and adj. quodque. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



141 



eager, cupidus, -a, -um. 

eagerly, studiose. 

eagerness, studium, -T, n. 

eagle, aquila, -ae,y*. 

ear, auris, -is,/ 

earlier, superior, -ius; prior, -ius. 

early {adj.), prlstinus, -a, -um; 

{adv.), mature. 
early spring, in, ineunte vera. 
earth, terra, -ae,/ 
easily, facile. 
easy, facilis, -e. 
effort, labor, -oris, 77t. 
eight, octo, indecl. 
either ... or, aut . . . aut; vel . . . 

vel. The latter shows that the choice 

is a matter of indifference, 
elect, creo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
eligible, idoneus, -a, -um, with qui 

and subj. 
else, alius, -a, -ud. 
embassy {office of ambassador), lega- 

tio, -onis,/ 
emergency, tempus, -oris, n» 
employ, utor, -1, -usus sum. 
empty, vacuus, -a, -um. 
end {of the successful completion of a 

ivar), c5nfici6, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 
end, finis, -is, m.\ end of, extremus, -a, 

-um, in agreement with the word 

which the expression li?nits. 
endure, perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. 
enemy {public), hostis, -is, m., reg.pL 

when used i^i the collective sense ; 

{private), inimicus, -T, m, 
engage, engage in conflict, conflTgo, 

-ere, -flixl, -flictum, with cum and 

abL 
enjoin, praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 

with dat. 
enjoy, fruor, -T, fructus sum; utor, -1, 

lisus sum, both with the abl. 
enjoying {provided with), praeditus, 

-a, -um, with abl. 
enough, satis, indecL 
enrol {of citizens), ascribo, -ere, 

-scrips!, -script um; {of soldiers), 

c6nscrib5, -ere, -scrips!, -scr!ptum. 
enter, enter into or upon, ingredior, -1, 

-gressus sum, with in and ace. ; 

{undertake), suscipio, -ere, -cepi, 

-ceptum; capio, -ere, cep!, captum. 



enter on the lists, ascr!bo, -ere, 
-scr!ps!, -scr!ptum. 

enthusiasm, studium, -1, n. 

entire, omnis, -e; totus, -a, -um. 

entirely, omn!n5. 

entreaty, (prex, precis), / The abl. is 
the only sing, form in common use. 

envoy, legatus, -!, m. 

envy {verb), invideo, -ere, -v!d!, 
-v!sum, w^V/^ dat.; («i7/^«), invidia, 
-ae,/_ 

equal, par, paris. 

equally, pariter. 

escape {both trans, and intrans.), 
effugi5, -ere, fiag!; {intrans.) pro- 
fugi5, -ere, -fug!; {shmt), vit5, 
-are, -av!, -atum. 

especially {very greatly), maxime ; 
{particularly), praesertim ; {chief- 
ly), praecipue. 

establish, confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

esteem {verb), diligo, -ere, -lexi, 
-lectum; {noun), laus, laudis,/ 

estimate, censeo, -ere, -ui, censum. 

Etruscan, Etruscus, -a, -um. 

eulogize, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

even, etiam ; and even, atque etiam ; 
{all the way) usque. 

even if, etiam si. 

evening, vesper, -1, m. ; towards eve- 
ning, sub vesperum. 

ever, umquam {espec. in neg., inter- 
rog., and conditional clauses) ; ali- 
quando. 

every {each), quisque, quaeque, quid- 
que, and adj. quodque; {all) om- 
nis, -e; everything, omnia. 

everywhere, ub!que. 

evidence, testimonium, -1, n. 

evil, malus, -a, -um. 

exceedingly, vehementer, or use su- 
perl. 

excellent, optimus, -a, -um. 

except {pf'ep')i praeter, with ace. ; 
{conj., lit. '"''unless^''), nisi. 

execute {kill), interficio, -ere, -feci, 
-fectum ; {perfor?fi), praesto, -are, 
-stiti, -statum. 

exercise, exercitati5, -onis,/ 

exercise authority, impero, -are, -av!, 
-atum. 

exercise a certain degree of re- 



T42 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



straint, modum quendam adhibeo, 

-ere, -ui, -itum. 
exert, exerceo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
exist, exsisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum; 

sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
exhausted, confectus, -a, -um. 
exile {person exiled)^ exsul, -ulis, m,\ 

{condition or place of exile) ^ exsi- 

lium, -1, n. 
expect, spero, -are, -avi, -atum. 
experience {verb), fruor, -I, fructus 

sum, with abl.; {noun), exercitatio, 

-onis, /. 
experienced, peritus, -a, -um, with 

gen, 
explain, verbis expono, -ere, -posui, 

-positum; or expend alone* 
expression, vultus, -us, m. 
extraordinary, eximius, -a, -um. 
exult, exsulto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
eye, oculus, -I, m. 

face, OS, oris, n. 

fact, res, rei, / 

Faesulae, Faesulae, -arum, /. //. 

fail, fail in one's duty, desum, -esse, 

-fuT, -futurus, with dat. 
faithfully, dlligenter. 
fall, occido, -ere, -cidi, -casum. 
fall from, excido, -ere, -cidi, with de 

and abl. 
false, falsus, -a, -um. 
fame, fama, -ae,y. 
far, longe. 
farm {of collecting taxes) ^ exerceo, 

-ere, -ui, -itum. 
farthest, ultimus, -a, -um. 
farthest limit of, extremus, -a, -um, 

in agreement with the word which 

the expression limits. 
fasten together, iungo, -ere, -iunxi, 

iunctum. 
father, pater, patris, m. 
fault, culpa, -ae,/. ; vitium, -i. n. 
favor {verb)^ faveo, -ere, favT, fautum, 

with dat.; {notm), beneficium, 

-1, n. 
favored, adfectus, -a, -um, with abl. 
fear {verb), {be afraid of), timed, 

-ere, -ui; {fear greatly), ^Qxiiva^^cb, 

-ere, -timuT; (dread), metuo, -ere, 

-ui. 



fear {noun), {state of fear) y timor, 

-5ris, w.; {dread, apprehension), 

metus, -vis, m, 
feel, senti5, -Ire, sensi, sensum. 
feel grateful, feel gratitude, gratiam 

habeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, with dat, 
feeling, sensus, -us, m. 
feel the need of, desldero, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
feign, simulo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
fellow, homo, -inis, m. 
fellow-citizen, my, your, his, etc., 

civis meus, tuus, suus, etc. 
few, only a few, paucT, -ae, -a. 
field, ager, agri, 7n. 
fiercely, acriter. 
fifth, quintus, -a, -um. 
fiftieth, quinquagesimus, -a, -um. 
fight {verb), pugn5, -are, -avi, -atum; 

dimico, -are, -avi, -atum; contendo, 

-ere, contend!, contentum; confligo, 

-ere, -flixT, -flictum; {noun), pugna, 

-ae,y". ; proelium, -i, n. 
Figulus, Figulus, -i, m, 
finally, denique. 
find, invenio, -Ire, -venT, -ventum; 

reperid, -Ire, repperl, repertum; 

find out, cogn6sc5, -ere, -gnovl, 

-gnitum. 
fire, ignis, -is, m.', with fire and 

sword, ignl ferroque. 
firebrand, fax, fads,/ 
first {adj.), primus, -a, -um; {adv.), 

primum; at first, primo; first . . . 

then, primum . . . deinde; be the 

first to, use primus in agreement with 

the subject of the verb ; as, *' they 

were the first to come,''^ primi vene- 

runt {not ^^ pri7?ii erant venire "). 
fit, idoneus, -a, -um, with qui and subj. 
five, quinque, indecl. 
flat, planus, -a, -um. 
flattering {cotnplimentary), praecla- 

rus, -a, -um. 
flaunt, iact5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
flee, fugio, -ere, fiigl. 
flee for refuge, confugio, -ere, -fugl. 
fleet, classis, -is,/. 
floundering, impedltus, -a, -um. 
foe {public), hostis, -is, m.', 7vhen 

used in the collective sense., reg. pi. 

in Latin ; {private), inlmicus, -I, m. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



143 



follow, sequor, -T, secutus sum. 

folly, stultitia, -ae,/. 

food, cibus, -1, m. 

for {conj.), nam; enim, postpos. ; 
etenim; {prep.), {in behalf or de- 
fense of), pro, with abl.; {to desig- 
nate the aiffi), ad, with ace. ; {of the 
person interested or benefited), use 
the dat.; {of the place whither), in 
or ad with ace. 

for a long time now, iam prldem. 
With this expression a present tense 
has the force of an English perfect, 
and an imperfect that of a pluper- 
fect. 

forbid, veto, -are, -uT, -itum, with 
inf. 

force {verb), cogo, -ere, coegT, coac- 
tum, with inf.; {noun), {protective 
force), praesidium, -1, n.\ {power, 
violence), vTs, vis,y; 

force out of, eicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 
with ex and abl. 

forces, copiae, -arum, f pi. For the 
sing, use praesidium, manus, etc, 

forefathers, maiores, -um, m. pi. 

foreign, exterus, -a, -um. 

foresee, provideo, -ere, -vTdT, -visum. 

forget, be forgetful of, oblivlscor, -T, 
oblitus sum, with ge7i. or ace. 

forgive, Ignosco, -ere, ignovi, igno- 
tum, with dat. 

form an opinion, iudico, -are, -avi, 
-atum. 

form a plan, consilium capio, -ere, 
cepi, captum. 

former, superior, -ius; the former 
. . . the latter, ille . . . hic. 

formerly, antea; olim; quondam. 

for my part, quidem, postpos. 

forsooth, scilicet; videlicet. 

for such time as, tam diu dum. 

for the future, in reliquum tempus. 

for the purpose of, for the sake of, 
causa, preceded by the gen. of the 
thing aimed at. 

fortification, muniti5, -onis, /. 

fortunate, felix, -icis. 

fortunately, feliciter. 

fojrtune, fortuna, -ae, /. ; fortunes 
{property), res, rerum,/. //. 

forty-nine, undequinquaginta. 



forty-ninth, lindequinquagesimus, -a, 
-um. 

Forum, forum, -T, n, 

found, condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. 

four, quattuor, indecl. 

fourth, quartus, -a, -um. 

free {verb), libero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
with ace. a7td abl.; {adj.), liber, 
-era, -erum, with abl. But of per- 
sons, use ab with the abl. with both 
liber andV^^txo. 

freely, libere. 

frequented, celeber, -bra, -brum. 

fresh, novus, -a, -um. 

friend, amicus, -i, m. 

friendly, amicus, -a, -um. 

friendship, amicitia, -ae,/ 

from, ab, ex, de, with the abl. ; sim- 
ple abl., etc. 

from a distance, procul. 

from every quarter, undique. 

from here, hinc. 

fugitive slave, fugitivus, -i, w. 

full, plenus, -a, -um, with gen. 

full meeting of the senate, senatus 
frequentissimus. 

further, furthermore, praeterea. 

future, the, reliqua, -orum, n, pi.; 
for the future, in reliquum tempus. 

Gabinius, Gabinius, -i, ;;/. 

gain, c5nsequor, -i, -seciitus sum; 

gain (a request), impetr5, -are, 

-avi, -atum; gain possession of, 

p5tior, -iri, -itus sum, with abl. 
Gains, Gaius, -i, m. 
garrison, praesidium, -i, 7t. 
gate, porta, -ae,/, 
gather {meet), convenio, -ire, -veni, 

-ventum; {collect), conligo, -ere, 

-legi, -Iectum. 
Gaul {the country), Gallia, -ae, /; 

{inhabitant of Gaul), Gallus, i, m. 
gaze upon, conspicio, -ere, -spexi, 

-spectum. 
general, imperator, -5ris, m.; dux, 

ducis, m. 
general's authority, imperium, -i, «. 
genius, ingenium, -i, n. 
gentle, lenis, -e. 
George, Georgius, -i, m. 
German, Germanus, -i, m. 



144 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



get {gain), consequor, -T, -secutus 

sum; {procure) y par 6 and com- 

par5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
get out of the way, de medio tollo, 

-ere, sustull, sublatum. 
get ready, compare, -are, -avT, -atum. 
give, do, dare, dedi, datum. 
give chase to, persequor, -T, -secutus 

sum. 
give pleasure to, delecto, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
give up, trad5, -ere, -didi, -ditum. 
gladly, libenter. 
glorify, orn5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
glorious, praeclarus, -a, -um. 
glory, gloria, -ae, f. ; laus, laudis, /. 
go, eo, ire, ii, -itum; proficiscor, -i, 

-fectus sum. 
go back, redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
god, deus, -i, m. 

go forth, excedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessum. 
go from, exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
go in, ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
gold, aurum, -i, n. 
golden, aureus, -a, -um. 
good, bonus, -a, -um. 
good-bye, imperative of vale5, -ere, 

-ui, -itum. 
good counsel, consilium, -T, n. 
good fortune, good luck, fortuna, -ae, 

y. ; felicitas, -atis,/*. 
good sense, consilium, -i, n, 
go on {of events) i passive ofgero, -ere, 

gessi, gestum. 
go out, exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. 
gladiator, gladiator, -oris, m, 
govern, rego, -ere, rexT, rectum. 
government, res publica, rel publi- 

cae, /. 
grain, frumentum, -T, 7t. 
grandfather, avus, -i, /;/. 
grant, tribuo, -ei^, -uT, -utum. 
granted that, licet, witk subj ; or 

subj. alone. 
great, magnus, -a, -um. 
greatest, great {of eminence)^ sum- 

mus, -a, -um. 
greatly, magnopere; with interest, 

refert, etc.^ to denote the degree of 

concern^ magni. 
Greece, Graecia, -ae,/. 
greed, avaritia, -ae,/ 



Greek, Graecus, -a, -um. 

grumble, queror, -T, questus sum. 

guarantee, praesto, -are, -stitT, statum, 

guard {verb), {watch over), cus- 
todi5, -ire, -ivT, -itum; {keep safe), 
servo, -are, avi, -atum; {noun), 
{guardian), custos, -5dis, ;;/; {pro- 
tective force) praesidium, -i, n. 

guilty conscience, conscientia scele- 
rum. 

hand, manus, -us, /. 

hand over, trado, -ere, -did!, -ditum, 
with ace. and dat. 

handsome, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. 

happen {come to pass), fio, fieri, fac- 
tus sum; it happens, jd sing, 
of contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, or 
accido, -ere, -cidi, with ut and subj. 
Accidit is more often used of un- 
fortunate, and contingit of fortu- 
nate occurrences, but the distinction is 
not strictly observed ; happen to 
{become of), Ho, -ere, factus sum, 
with abl. of the person. 

happy {fortunate), fellx, -icis. 

hard, difficilis, -e. 

harangue, cohortor, -arl, -atus sum. 

harm {verb), noceo, -ere, -uT, -itum, 
with dat.; {noun), detrlmentum, 
-1, n. 

hate {verb), odi, odisse; fo, the pas- 
sive, use in odio esse with apud and 
ace; {noun), odium, -i, n. 

hateful, invisus, -a, -um. 

hatred, see hate. 

have, habeo, -ere, -uT, -itum; or use 
the dat. of poss. ; have anything 
done, euro, -are, -avi, -atum, with 
gerundive in agreefnent with the 
object. 

have many conversations with, 
saepe loquor, -i, lociitus sum, with 
cum and abl. 

have more power, plus valeo, -ere, 
-ui, -itum. 

have no share in, expers esse, with 
gen. 

he, ille, -a, -ud; hic, haec, hoc; is, 
ea, id. 

health, valetCido, -dinis, / 

heap, acervus, -i, m. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



145 



hear, audio, -Ire, -Tvl, -Ttum. 

hearth, focus, -i, m. 

heaven, caelum, -1, n. 

help {verb), {stand by), adsum, -esse, 
-fui, -futurus, with dat. ; {help in 
any way), iuvo and adiuvo, -are, 
-iuvT, -iutum, with ace. ; {noun), 
auxilium, -T, «. 

hence, hinc. 

Heraclia, HeraclTa or Heraclea, -ae,/. 

Heracliot, Heraclian, Heracliensis 
or Heracleensis, -is, m. 

here {in this place) ^ hic; {to this 
place, hither), hue. 

here and there in, per, with ace. 

hesitate, dubitd, -are, -avi, -atum, 
with inf. 

high character, pudor, -oris, m. 

highest {of degree), summus, -a, -um. 

hill, collis, -is, 7n. 

hillock, tumulus, -T, m. 

himself {reflexive), ^m {gen.)\ {in- 
tensive), ipse, -a, -um. 

hinder, impedio, -Ire, -ivl, -Itum, 
with ne, qu5 minus, or quin, and 
sUbj. 

his, her, its, their {referring to the 
subject), suus, -a, -um; {not refer^ 
ring to the subject), gen. of hIc, is, 
or ille, 

hold, tene5, -ere, -ul; {believe), duco, 
-ere, duxl, ductum. 

hold an opinion, iudico, -are, -avI, 
-atum. 

hold supreme control, summas im- 
perl teneo, -ere, -ul. 

home, domus, -us,y^; at home, domT; 
home, homeward, domum; domos. 

Homer, Homerus, -I, m. 

honor {verb), {praise), laudo, -are, 
-avI, -atum; {honor 7vith), adficio, 
-ere, -feci, -fectum, with abl. ; 
{noun), {distinction), honos and 
honor, -oris, m. ; {eulogy, act merit- 
ing praise), laus, laudis,/*. 

honorable, honest us, -a, -um; am- 
plus, -a, -um. 

honorably, honeste. 

hope {verb), spero, -are, -avI, -atum; 
{noun), spes, spel,/ 

Horatius Codes, Horatius Codes, 
HoratI Coclitis, ;«. 



horse, equus, -I, m. 

horseman, eques, -itis, m. 

hostage, obses, -idis, /;/. 

hostile, infestus, -a, -um. 

hour, hora, -ae,yC 

house, domus, -us,/. 

household, famiUa, -ae,/. 

how {with adjs. and advs.), quam; 

{with verbs), quem ad modum; quo 

mod5; qua ratione; quo pacto. 
however {adv.), quamvTs; {conj.), 

vero; autem, both postpos. 
however much, quamvis. 
how great, how important, quantus, 

-a, -um. 
how many, quot, indecl. 
how many times, quotiens. 
how much, quantus, -a, -um. 
how numerous, quot, indecl, 
how often, quotiens. 
human being, homo, -inis, m, andf, 
humanity, humanitas, -atis,/. 
hunger, fames, -is,/ 
hurl, conicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectum. 

I, ego,_mei. 

Ides, Idus, -uum, / //. 

if, si; {in indirect questions), num; 
-ne; but after conor in the sense 
" try to see ifi^ and exspecto in the 
sense " wait to see ifi^ si is used; 
if not, to negative an entire expres- 
sion, nisi; otherwise, si . • . non. 

if only {provided that), dum; modo; 
dum modo, with subj. 

illustrious, clarus, -a, -um. 

ill will, invidia, -ae, / 

imagine, opinor, -arl, -atus sum. 

immediately, statim. 

immense, maximus, -a, -um. 

immortal, immortalis, -e. 

impel, adduco, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, 
with ut and subj.; (exerceo, -ere, 
-ul, -itum ) . Th is refers to a particu- 
lar phrase, to which the Special Vo- 
cabulary furnishes a guide, 

in {of place or circumstance), in, with 
abl. ; {of pure time), use the abl. 

in accordance with, use the abl. 

in a panic, perterritus, -a, -um. 

inasmuch as, quoniam, with indie, 

in behalf of, pro, with abl. 



146 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



inclination, voluntas, -atis, / ; stu- 

dium, -1, n. 
in comparison with, prae, with abl. 
in consequence, quo factum est, with 

ut and subj, 
inconvenience, impedlmentum, -T, n. 
incorrigible, perditus, -a, -um. 
increase (intrans,)^ cresco, -ere, crevT, 

cretum; {trans,) ^ augeo, -ere, -auxi, 

auctum. 
incur, suscipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 
in defense of, pro, ivith abl. 
indifferent, durus, -a, -um. 
induce, adduco, -ere, -duxT, -ductum, 

with ut and subj. 
indulgence, venia, -ae,/. 
industrious, laboriosus, -a, -um. 
Indutiomarus, Indutiomarus, -T, m. 
in early spring, ineunte vere. 
in early youth, prima adulescentia. 
inevitable, necesse, indecl. 
in fact, vero. 

infamous, nefarius, -a, -um. 
influence, auctoritas, -atis, /. 
influential, gravis, -e. 
inform, certiorem (-es) facio, -ere, 

feci, factum. 
in front, adversus, -a, -um. 
in harmony with, proprius, -a, -um, 

with gen. ; pro, with abl. 
injure, noceo, -ere, -uT, -itum, with dat, 
innocent, innocens, -entis. 
in no way, in no wise, nulla pacto; 

null5 modo. 
inquire, quaero, -ere, quaesivT, quae- 

situm. 
in recent years, per h5s (hosce) an- 

nos. 
insane, mente captus, -a, -um. 
insist, cdnfirmo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
instigate, hortor, -ari, -atus sum, 

with ut and subj. 
instruct, praecipio, -ere, -cepl, -cep- 
tum, with dat. 
instruction {precepts)^ praecepta, 

-orum, n. pi. 
insurrection, tumultus, -us, m. 
integrity, innocentia, -ae, / 
intend, use ist periphr., or mihi, etc. 

in animo est, or in animo habe5, 

with inf. 
interest, St udium, -I, n\ it is to one*s 



interest, interest or refert with inf., 

and gen. of the person interested ; 

or, if this would be a pers. pron., 

with the abl. sing. fern, of the corres- 
ponding possessive. 
interpose, obicio, -ere, -iecT, -iectum, 

with ace. and dat. 
in the consulship of, use the abl. abs. : 

e.g., in the consulship of Cicero, 

Cicerone consule. 
in the eyes of, use the dat. ofref. 
in the name of the state, publice. 
in the open, palam. 
in the presence of, apud, with ace. 
intimate friend, familiarissimus, -a, 

-um. 
into, in, with ace. 
intrust, permitto, -ere, -misT, -missum, 

with dat. and ace. 
iron, ferrum, -T, n. 

isolate,_secerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum. 
Italy, Italia, -ae,/ 
it is a well- authenticated fact, it is 

certain, satis constat. 
it is my, etc., duty, debe5, -ere, -uT, 

-itum; oportet, ?re, -uit, impers.; 

or express by the 2d periphr., or by 

a possessive limiting an inf. 
it is permissible, licet, -ere, -uit and 

licitum est, impers. ' 

it is true, verum est, with ut and 

subj. ; (parenthetical, — " indeed'''*) 

quidem, postpos. 
it makes no difference, nihil interest, 

with inf. 
it remains that, reliquum est, with 

ut and subj, 

Janiculum, laniculum, 1, n. 

jaws, fauces, -ium, f. pi. 

join, adiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum, 

with ace. and dat. 
join battle, proelium committo, -ere, 

-misT, -missum. 
journey, iter, itineris, n. 
joy, laetitia, -ae, /. 
judge {verb), iudic5, -are, -avi, -atum; 

{noun), iudex, -icis, m. 
Julia, lulia, -ae, /. 
jump down, desilia, -Ire, -silui, -sul- 

tum. 
Jupiter, luppiter, lovis, m. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



147 



juror, index, -dicis, m. 

just, iustus, -a, -um. 

just as, aeque ac; sic ut. 

just at the critical moment, ad ip- 

sum discrimen. 
justice, iustitia, -ae,/. 
justly, iuste; lure. 

Kalends, Kalendae, -arum, / //. 

keen, acer, acris, acre. 

keep, teneo, -ere, -ui. 

keep off, repello, -ere, reppuli, repul- 

sum. 
keep safe, servo and c6nserv5, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
keep secret {keep in), contineo, -ere, 

-uT, -tentum. 
keep silent, taceo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
kill, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum; 

neco, -are, -avi, -atum. 
killing, caedes, -is,/. 
kind, genus, -eris, n. 
kindness, officium, -1, «; beneficium, 

-h n._ 
king, rex, regis, w. 
kingly, regius, -a, -um. 
knight, eques, -itis, w. 
know, scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum ; perf, of 

c6gn6sc5, -ere, -gn5vT, -gnitum ; 

not know, nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itum ; 

TgnSro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
knowledge, scientia, -ae, / 

lack, careo, -ere, -uT, -itum, with abL 

labor, labor, -5ris, w. 

Laeca, Laeca, -ae, m, 

leader, dux, ducis, m, 

land {field, territory), ager, agri, m.\ 

{geographical division), terra, -ae, 

/; on land and sea, terra marique. 
large, magnus, -a, -um. 
Lars Porsena, Lars Porsena, Lartis 

Porsenae, m, 
last {verb), permaneo, -ere, -mansT, 

-mansum; {adj.), ijltimus, -a, -um. 
lasting, firmus, -a, -um. 
lastly, postremo. 

late, sero; late at night, multa nocte. 
lately, niiper. 
latter, the, hic, haec, hoc. 
laugh, rideo, -ere, risl, risum. 
law, lex, legis,/ 



lay all responsibility, omnia tribuo, 

-ere, -uT, -utum, with dat. 
lay^ lay away, mando, -are, -avT, 

-atum, with ace. and dat.; {place), 

p5no, -ere, posuT, positum, with in 

and abl. 
lay before, refer5, -ferre, rettuli, 

relatum, with ad and ace. 
lay siege to, oppugno, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
lay violent hands on, vim et manus 

infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, with dat. 
lay waste, vasto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
lead, duco, -ere, duxT, ductum. 
lead across, traduc5, -ere, -duxT, 

-ductum, with two aces. 
lead back, reduco, -ere, -duxT, 

-ductum. 
leader, dux, ducis, m.\ {political), 

princeps, -ipis, in. 
league, societas, -atis,yC 
learn, learn of {become aware), c5- 

gnosco, -ere, -gnovT, -gnitum; 

{learn, as a scholar^, disco, -ere, 

didici, 
learned, doctus, -a, -um; eruditus, 

-a, -um. 
learning, doctrina, -ae,/ 
least, minime; at least, quidem, 

postpos. 
leave {go away from), exeo, -ire, -ii, 

-itum, with ex or de and abl.; 

discedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessum, with 

ab or ex and abl.; {set out), pro- 

ficiscor, -1, -fectus sum; {abandon), 

relinqud, -ere, -iTqui, -lictum. 
leave unharmed, servo, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
legion, legio, -onis, / 
leisure, otium, -i, n. 
leniency, lenitas, -atis,/ 
Lentulus, Lentulus, -i, m. 
less {adv.'), minus. 
lest, ne, with subj, 
let fly, conici5, -ere, -ieci, -iectum. 
let go, dimitto and emitto, -ere, -misT, 

-missum. 
letter {of the alphabet), littera, -ae,/; 

{epistle), pi. of the foregoing^ or 

epistula, -ae,/ 
liberty, libertas, -atis,/ 
lie, iaceo, -ere, -ui. 



148 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



lieutenant, legatus, -T, w. 

life, vita, -ae,/ 

lifetime, aetas, -atis,/ 

light, lux, lucis, f.\ {^source of lights 

artificial light) ^ lumen, -inis, n. 
lightly, leviter. 
like, similis, -e, with dat, or {of living 

beings) , gen, 
likewise, item, 
limit, finis, -is, m. 
Lincoln, Lincolnus, -T, m. 
line of battle, acies, -ei, / 
literary pursuits, scribendi studium. 
little, a {to a small extent)^ paulum; 

{with comparatives)^ paulo. 
live, VIVO, -ere, vixi. 
living, vivus, -a, -um. 
locality, //. ofx^gxo, -onis, /; locus, 

-1, m, 
long {adj.), longus, -a, -um; {adv. 

of time), diu. 
long ago, iam antea. 
long since, iam pridem. 
look back upon, respicio, -ere, -spexi, 

-spectum. 
look into {examine), cognosco, -ere, 

-gnovi, -gnitum. 
look out for the interests or welfare 

of, c5nsulo, -ere, -ui, c5nsultum, 

with dat. 
look to it, video, -ere, vTdi, visum, 

with ut and subj. 
lose, amitto, -ere, -mIsT, -missum, 
love {verb), amo, -are, -avi, -atum; 

{of friendship)^ diligo, -ere, -lexi, 

-lectum; {noun), amor, -oris, 7n. 
Lucius, Lucius, -I, m. 
Lucullus, Lucullus, -T, 771. 

maddened, furens, -entis. 

madness, amentia, -ae, /; furor, 
-oris, m. 

magistracy, magistrate, magistratus, 
-lis, 7n. 

maintain (be responsible for a condi- 
tion), praesto, -are, -stiti, -statum. 

majesty, dignitas, -atis,/ 

make, facio, -ere, feci, factum; (of 
delivei'ing a speech), habeo, -ere, 
-ui, -itum; make one do any- 
thing, facio, -ere, feci, factum, with 
ut and subj. 



make an attack on, impetum facio, 

-ere, feci, factum, with in and ace. 
make arrangements, ag5, -ere, eg', 

actum. 
make it possible, effici5, -ere, -feci, 

-fectum, with ut and subj. f7/"possum. 
make requisition for, imper5, -are, 

-avI, -atum, with dat. of the person 

and ace. of the thing. 
make sure, euro, -are, -avT, -atum, 

with ut and subj. 
make the mistake of, committo, -ere, 

-misi, -missum, with ut and subj. 
make up one's mind, statu5 and c5n- 

stitu5, -ere, -uT, -utum. 
make war, helium infero, -ferre, -tuli, 

-latum, with dat. 
man {human being), homo, -inis, m, 

and f\ {male), vir, viri, w. 
Manlius, Manlius, -i, m.\ Manlius', 

of Manlius, Manlianus, -a, -um. 
manner, modus, -i, m, 
many, multl, -ae, -a. 
Marcellus, Marcellus, -ae, ;«. 
march, iter facio, -ere, feci, factum. 
Marcus, Marcus, -i, m. 
massacre, caedes, -is,/ 
matter, res, rei,/ 
may, licet, -ere, -uit and licitum est, 

impers. 
means, ratio, -onis, / 
mean-spirited, parvi animi. 
measure {design), consilium, -T, n. 
meditate, cogito, -are, -avT, -atum. 
meet, convenio, -ire, -vehT, -ventum, 

with in a7td ace, of the place of 

meeting. 
meeting, concilium, -i, n, 
men of Chios, Chii, -orum, m. pi. 
mental ability, consilium, -T, n. 
mental cultivation, hiimanitas, 

-atis, / 
mention, commemoro, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
mercy, venia, -ae,/ 
merely, tantum. 
method, rati5, -onis,/ 
middle of, medius, -a, -um, in agree- 
ment with the word described. 
midnight, media nox, mediae noc- 

tis,/ 
mild, lenis, -e. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



149 



mile, mille passus; //. milia passuum. 

mind, animus, -1, w. ; mens, mentis,y^ ; 
mind and soul, animus mensque. 

mine, meus, -a, -um. 

mischief, maleficium, -1, n. 

misfortune, calamitas, -atis, f,-y ma- 
lum, -1, n, 

miss, desider5, -are, -avT, -atum. 

missile, telum, -1, n. 

Mithridates, Mithridates or Mithra- 
dates, -is, m, 

mix, misceo, -ere, -uT, mixtum. 

modesty, pudor, -oris, w. 

money, pecunia, -ae,y^ 

month, mensis, -is, m. 

monument, monumentum, -T, n, 

moral excellence, virtus, -iitis, / 

more {adv.)^ magis; amplius; pliis; 
{subst.)f plus, pluris, w.; {adj.), 
pi. ^yplus, pluris. 

more important, pluris, gen, 

moreover, autem, posfpos, 

most assuredly, sane. 

most madly, summo furore. 

mother, mater, matris,yC 

mouth {of a river), ostium, -1, n. 

move, moveo, -ere, movl, m5tum. 

move from, demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
with ex or de and abl. 

movement, motus, -lis, /;/. 

much {adj.), mult us, -a, -um; {adv. 
of extent) , multum ; {with compara- 
tives), mult 6. 

murder {verb), interficio, -ere, -feci, 
-fectum; neco, -are, -avi, -atum; 
{noun), caedes, -is,/ 

must needs, necesse est. 

my, meus, -a, -um. 

name, nomen, -inis, n» 

narrow, exiguus, -a, -um. 

nation, gens, gentis,/; populus, -T, m, 

native land, patria, -ae, / 

nature, natiira, -ae, / 

naval, maritimus, -a, -um. 

nay even, immo vero. 

nearer, propior, -ius, sup. proximus, -a, 

-um; Nearer Gaul, Gallia citerior, 

Galliae citerioris,/ 
nearly, paene; fere, 
necessary, necesse, indecl. 
need, opus, n. indecl. ; there is need 



of, one has need of, opus est, with 
abl. of thing needed and dat. of per- 
son in need. The thing needed is 
sometimes made the subject of the 
verb, particularly when it is ex- 
pressed by a neuter pronoun. 

neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque; 
nee . . . nee. Before a vowel use 
the form neque; before a consonant, 
either one. 

never, numquam. 

nevertheless, tamen. 

new, novus, -a, -um. 

next {adj.), proximus, -a, -um; 
{adv.), deinde. 

night, nox, noctis,/. 

nine, novem, indecl. 

ninety, nonaginta, indecl. 

no, nuUus, -a, -um. 

noble, nobilis, -e; amplus, -a, -um. 

no longer, n5n iam. 

nobody, nemo (neminis). Instead of 
the gen. and abl. sing, ofw^mo, nul- 
lius andm\)\o must be used. 

nocturnal, noctumus, -a, -um. 

none, nuUus, -a, -um; see also nobody. 

Nones, Nonae, -arum, / //. 

no one, see nobody. 

nor, neque; nee. Before a vowel use 
neque ; before cl consonant, either one* 

not, non; not at all, minime; not 
even, ne . . . quidem, separated 
by the emphatic word. 

nothing, nihil, indecl. 

not know, nescio, -ire, -TvT, itum; 
Tgn6r5, -are, -avi, -atum. 

not only . . . but also (even), 

f modo ) fsed ") ,. 

non \ -^ >...-<- > etiam. 
\ solum j \ verum j 

not to say more, ut plura non dicam. 

not wish, nolo, nolle, noluT. 

notwithstanding {although), tametsT; 

{nevertheless), tamen. 
not yet, nondum. 
now {to express culmination of events), 

iam; {absolutely)^ nunc, 
nowhere, nusquam. 
now if, quod SI. 
number, numerus, -T, m. 

obedient, audiens dicto, with dat. 
obey, pareo, -ere, -uT, with dat. 



ISO 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



object, recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, with 
ne, qu5 minus, or quTn, and subj. 

observe, c5gn6sco, -ere, -gn5vT, 
-gnitum; percipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- 
tum, with or without animo or 
animls. 

obtain, impetro, -are, -avT, -atum; 
adipiscor, -I, adeptus sum; conse- 
quor, -1, secutus sum. 

occasion, tempus, -oris, n. 

of {^concerning), de, ivith abl. 

of consular rank, consularis, -e. 

offer, offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum; 
promitto, -ere, misi, -missum. 

0f6.ce {political) y honos and honor, 
-oris, ;;/. 

official, publicus, -a, -um. 

off one's guard, inopinans, -antis. 

of great importance, magnl, gen. 

of high principle, rebus optimTs in- 
stitutus, -a, -um. 

of more importance, pluris, gen. 

of one's own accord, ultr5; mea, 
tua, etc.^ sponte. 

often, saepe. 

of this kind, huius modi; eius modi; 
-talis, -e. 

of yourselves, ipsi per vos. 

oh, o. 

old, vetus, -eris; older {of persons)^ 
maior natu. 

old age, senectus, -utis, / 

old man, senex, senis, m, 

omit, praetermitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- 
sum. 

on account of, ob or propter, with 
ace; abl. of cause; {with a view 
to), causa following a gen. 

on account of which thing, quam ob 
rem; qua de causa. 

once, olim; quondam; {mathemati- 
cally), semel. 

one, unus, -a, -um. 

one at a time, singulT, -ae, -a. 

on guard, in statione. 

on land and sea, terra marique. 

only, the only one {adj.), s51us, -a, 
-um; unus, -a, -um; {adv.), tan- 
tum; solum. 

onslaught, impetus, us, m. 

on the one hand . . . (and) on the 
other, cum . . . tum. 



open {verb), patefacio, -ere, -feci, 

-factum; aperio, -Ire, -ul, apertum; 

{adj.), apertus, -a, -um. 
opinion, sententia, -ae, / ; in my, 

etc., Opinion, mea, etc., sententia. 
Opportunity, potestas, -atis,/. 
or, aut; {implying indifference as to 

the alternative, vel; {in alternative 

questions), an. 
ordain, praescrlbo, -ere, -scrlpsi, 

-scrlptum. 
order, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum. 
Orgetorix, Orgetorlx, -Igis, m, 
original, pristinus, -a, -um. * 

ornament, ornamentum, -I, n. 
or not {in direct questions), annon; 

{in indirect questions), necne. 
that, utinam; neg. ne and utinam 

ne. 
other {another, some othe7^), alius, -a, 

-ud; {the other of two), alter, -era, 

-erum; {the remaining, the rest), 

(ceterus), -a, -um {nom. sing. 

m. not in use) ; reliquus, -a, -um. 
otherwise, aliter. 
ought, debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum; opor- 

tet, -ere, -uit, impers, ; 2d periphr. 
our, ours, our own, noster, -tra, -trum. 
outrage, iniuria, -ae,/ 
outstrip, excello, -ere ( ), -eel- 
sum. 
overhear, exaudio, -Ire, -ivl, -Itum. 
overpower, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, 

-pressum. 
overthrow, everto, -ere, -verti, -ver- 

sum. 
overwhelm, prem5 ^;^^ opprimo, -ere, 

-pressi, -pressum. 
owe, debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 
own {of permanent possession), pro- 

prius, -a, -um; {emphatic), use the 

poss. pron» with or without the gen, 

t7/ipse. 

pacify, paco, -are, -avi, -atum. 

pain, dolor, -oris, m, 

pardon, Ignosco, -ere, -gnovl, -gn5tum, 

with dat. 
parent, parens, -entis, m. andf 
part, pars, partis,/; parts {locality) ^ 

pi, of regio, -onis,/ 
particularly, maxime; praecipue. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



151 



pass over, praetermitt5, -ere, -misT, 
-missum. 

past, superior, -ius; the past, prae- 
terita, -orum, n. pL 

patriotic, patriae amans, -antis; 

patriots {stipporters of the constitu- 
tion), boni, -orum, tn. pi. 

patrol, vigilia, -ae,/ 

pay, pendo, -ere, pependT, pensum. 

peace, pax, pacis,/ 

penalty, poena, -2.^, f.\ (^particularly 
of the death penalty), supplicium, 

-1, «■ 

penetrate, penetro, -are, -avi, -atum. 

people {nation), populus, -1, w.; 
{perso7is), pi. ^homo, -inis, m, 

perceive {by the senses), sentio, -Ire, 
sens!, sensum; {gf'^sp mentally), 
percipi5, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum; 
{distinguish), cerno, -ere, crevi, 
certum. 

perform, {be engaged in), fungor, -1, 
fiinctus sum, with abl.\ {do thor- 
oughly^, perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 

perhaps, fortasse. 

peril, perTculum, -T, w. 

perilous, periculosus, -a, -um; (^de- 
structive), perniciosus, -a, -um. 

permanent, perpetuus, -a, -um. 

permit, patior, -1, passus sum; sino, 
-ere, sivT, situm, both with inf 

personality, auctoritas, -atis,y^ 

persuade, persuaded, -ere, -suasT, 
-suasum, with dat. and mX. with subj, 

philosopher, sapiens, -entis, m. 

physical strength,//, ^/vis, vis,/ 

pirate, praedo, onis, m., with or 
without maritimus, -a, -um. 

pitch camp, castra pono, -ere, posui, 
positum. 

pitiable, miserandus, -a, -um. 

place {7ioun), locus, -T, w.; (//. loca, 
-orum, n., of locality : loci means 
places in a book); {verb), p5n6, 
-ere, posul, positum; coUoco, -are, 
-avi, -atum. 

place in charge or command, 
praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, with 
ace, of the person appointed and dat, 
of his charge, 

place of safety, tutum, -i, ;/. 

plain, manifestus, -a, -um. 



plainly, manifesto. 

plan, cdnsilium, -i, n, 

pleasant, iiicundus, -a, -um. 

please, placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, with 
dat, 

pleasing, iucundus, -a, -um. 

pleasure, voluptas, -atis,/ 

plebs, plebs, plebis,/ {with dat, 

plot against, insidior, -ari, -atus sum, 

plunder, diripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum. 

poet, poeta, -ae, m, 

politics, res piiblica, rei piiblicae,/ 

Pompey, Pompeius, -i, m. 

Pons Sublicius, Pons Sublicius, Pon- 
tis Sublicii, m, 

populous, see frequented, 

position of authority, imperium, -i, n, 

possess, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum; sum 
with dat, ofposs.; {of qualities and 
personal attributes), use the abl. of 
place, "in me est," etc., or express 
by the abl. or gen. of quality. 

possessed of, praeditus, -a, -um, with 
abl. 

possession, possessio, -onis, /; my- 
self, yourself, etc., and all my, 
your, etc., possessions, me meaque 
omnia, te tuaque omnia, etc, 

possible, paraphrase so as to use a 
form (/possum. 

power {military and supreme), im- 
perium, -i, n.\ {general word), 
potestas, -atis,/. 

powerful, potens, -entis; (in suitable 
contexts)., magnus, -a, -um. 

powerfully, maxim e. 

powers {bodily), pi. of\\s,\is,f 

praetor, praetor, -oris, m. 

praise {verb), laudo, -are, -avi, -atum; 
{noun), laus, laudis,/ 

pray, opt5, -are, -avi, -atum; precor, 
-ari, -atus sum. 

predict, praedico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum. 

prefer {would rather), malo, malle, 
malui ; {prefer one thing to another) , 
antefero and praeferd, -ferre, -tuli, 
-latum, with ace, and dat. 

prepare, prepare for, paro, -are, -avi, 
-atum. 

present (verb), dono, -are, -avi, 
-atum, ivith ace. and abl. or ace. and 
dat,; offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum. 



152 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



present {noun), munus, -eris, «.; 
donum, T, n, 

preserve, conserve, -are, -avi, -atum. 

president {of a commonwealth) , con- 
sul, -is, m. 

press on, contendo, -ere, -tend!, 
-tentum. 

pretend, simulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 

prestige, auct5ritas, -atis, y^ ♦ 

prevent {hinder) ^ impedio, -Tre, -TvT, 
-itum, with ne, quo minus, 07' quin, 

i and subj.; {stop), prohibeo, -ere, 
-uT, -itum, with inf. 

previously, antea. 

price, pretium, -i, n, 

principles, discipllna, ae,yi 

prison, career, -eris, w. 

private, privatus, -a, -um. 

private enemy, inimlcus, T, m. 

prize, praemium, -i, n. 

proclaim, praedico, -are, avi, -atum; 
{in a hostile manner), denuntio, 
-are, -avT, -atum. 

procure, pari5, -ere, peperl, partum. 

proffer, defero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum, 
with ad and ace. ; offero, -ferre, 
obtulT, oblatum, with ace. and'dat. 

profligate, perditus, -a, -um. 

promise, polliceor, -eri, -licitus sum; 
promitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. 

pronounce {say), dico, -ere, dixT, 
dictum. 

pronounce guilty, damno, -are, -avi, 
-atum. 

proof {information) , indicium, -i, n. 

property, bona, -orum, n. pi.-, prop- 
erty and fortunes, res ac for- 
tunae. 

prostrate, prostratus, -a, -um. 

protect {by walls, etc.), munio, -Tre, 
-ivi, -Itum; {defend), defendo, -ere, 
-fendT, -fen sum, with ab and abl. 

protection, praesidium, -i, n, 

provide, comparo, -are, -avi, -atum; 
provided, -ere, -vTdT, -visum. 

provide for, provides, -ere, -vidT, -vi- 
sum, with dat. ; consulo, -ere, -suluT, 
-sultum, with dat. 

provided, provided that, dum; 
modo; dum modo, ivith subj. 

province, provincia, -ae, / 

prowess, virtus, -utus,/. 



public foe, hostis, -is, m., generally 

in pi. 
public interests, res publica, rei pub- 

licae,yC 
publish {of facts), celebro, -are, -avT, 

-atum; {of books), ^^o, -ere, -didi, 

-ditum. 
punish, poenas sumo, -ere, sumpsT, 

sumptum, with de and abl. of the 

person fnnished ; supplicio adficio, 

-ere, -feci, -fectum; be punished, 

poenas do, dare, dedi, datum, with 

dat. of the person to whom the penalty 

is paid. 
punishment, poena, -ae, /; {espe- 
cially of the death penalty), suppli- 

cium, -I, n. 
purpose {verb), statu5, -ere, -ui, 

-iitum; {noun), mens, mentis, yi; 

consilium, -i, n. 
pursue, persequor, -i, -secutus sum; 

pursue studies, artis colo, -ere, -uT, 

cultum. 
pursuit {occupation), studium, -T, n. 
put down, opprimo, -ere, -press!, 

-pressum. 
put in charge, praeficio, -ere, -feci, 

-fectum, with ace. and dat. 
put into the hands of, permittd, -ere, 

-ml si, -missum, with ace. and dat. 
put to death, interfici5, -ere, -feci, 

-fectum. 

qualities, artes, -ium,///. 

quantity {as '•''a quantity of ^"^ any- 
thing), vis, vis,/. 

quickly, celeriter. 

Quintus, QuTntus, -i, m. 

Quirites, Quirites, -ium, m. pi. {nom, 
sing. Quiris). 

raise, effero, -ferre, extulT, elatum; 

tollo, -ere, sustulT, sublatum; {stir 

up), concito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
rank, ordo, -dinis, w. 
rashly, temere. 
rather, potius. 

ravage, vasto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
reach {arrive at), pervenio, -ire, 

-venT, -ventum, with ad and ace. ; 

with names of tozvns, etc., ad is 

omitted. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 1 53 

read, lego, -ere, leg!, lectum; {read reply, respondeo, -ere, -spondT, -spon- 

aloud ), recito, -are, -avi, -atum. sum. 

ready, paratus, -a, -um. report {bring word), nuntio and re- 
realize {perceive), sentio, -ire, sens!, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum; {refer, as 

sensum; {understand), intellego, to the senate), defero, -ferre, -tuli, 

-ere, -lexi, -lectum. -latum, with ad and ace; {noun), 

really, vere; vero. rumor, -oris, m,\ nuntius, -1, «. 

reason, causa, -ae,/ representative, legatus, -1, m, 

recall {call back), revoco, -are, -avT, reproach, recuso and incuso, -are, 

-atum; {recollect), recorder, -ari, -avi, -atum. 

-atus sum. republic, res publica, rei piiblicae, f, 

receive, accipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum. require {demand), require, -ere, -quT- 
reckless, audax, -acis. sivT, -quisitum; {need), opus est, 

reckon, puto, -are, -avi, -atum; reckon with dat. of person needing and ace, 

among, ex eo numero exTstimare of thing needed, 

qui, etc, rescue, eripi5, -ere, -ripuT, -reptum. 

recoil from, abhorreo, -ere, -uT, with reside {be within), insum, inesse, in- 

ab and abl. fui, with in and abl. 

recollection, memoria, -ae,/. residence {legal), domicilium, -1, n. 

recommend, suadeo, -ere, -suasi, sua- resign {give up), concede, -ere, -cessi, 

sum, with dat. and ut with the -cessum. 

subj, resist, resisto, -ere, -stiti, with dat, 

recur, redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. respect, laus, laudis,/. 

refinement, humanitas, -atis,/ responsibility, ciira, -ae,/ 

reflect on, consldero, -are, -avi, -atum. rest, the, (ceterus), -a, -um {nom, 
refuse {reject), repudio, -are, -avi, sing,m,notinuse)',XQ\\(\\xu.?>,'2i,-\i.m, 

-atum; {say that . . . not), reciiso, rest, requies, -etis,/ 

-are, -avi, -atum, with ne, quo minus, restore, restituo, -ere, -uT, -utum. 

or quin, and subj, restrain, coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 

region, regid, -onis,/ retire, cedo, -ere, cessT, cessum. 

register, profiteer, -eri, -fessus sum. retreat {flee), fugio, -ere, fugi; ter- 
reign, regnd, -are, -avi, -atum. gum and terga verto, -ere, verti, 

reinforcement (s), subsidium, -T, n, versum; {retire to a place), se re- 

rejoice, exsulto, -are, -avT, -atum. cipere, with ad and ace. of the 

release, selvo, -ere, solvi, soliatum. place whither ; {give way), pedem 

relief (Ops), epis, /; the nom. sing. referre; {noun), fuga, -2it, f, 

only founa as the name of the god- return {give back), reddo, -ere, -didi, 

dess of Plenty. -ditum; {go or come back), reverter, 

relieve, levo, -are, -avi, -atum. -1, {perf tenses reg. active, revert!, 

relying, fretus, -a, -um, with abl, etc.), reversum. 

remain, maneo, -ere, mansT, mansum. revenue, vectigal, -alis, n, 

remember, meminl, -isse, with gen, reverence, cel5, -ere, -ui, cultum. 

or ace; memoria teneo, -ere, -ui. revive, reficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 

remind, admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, reward, merces, -edis, /; praemium, 

with de and abl, -1, n, 

render {give), tribuo, -ere, -uT, Rhine, Rhenus, 1, m, 

-utum; {make), redd5, -ere, -didi, rich, lecuples, -etis; dives, -itis. 

-ditum. right {noun), ius, iiiris, n. ; {adv,), 
renown, laus, laudis,/ recte. 

repent, paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., rightly, iure. 

with ace. of the person and gen. of right on, usque. 

the thing, or an inf. risk, perTcuIiim, -1, n. 



154 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



river, flumen, -inis, n. 

rob, spolio, -are, -avi, -atum. 

robber, latro, -onis, in. 

robbery, latrocinium, -i, 71. 

Roman, Romanus, -a, -um. 

Rome, Roma, -ae,/. 

rout, pello, -ere, pepull, pulsum. 

ruin, calamitas, -atis, / ; pernicies, 

-el,/. 
ruined, perditus, -a, -um. 
rule, rego, -ere, rexi, rectum. 
rumor, rumor, -5ris, m. 
run away, fugo, -ere, fugi. 
rush out, erumpo, -ere,-rupi, -ruptum. 

safe {protected), tutus, -a, -um; {un- 
injuj'ed), incolumis, -e; {without 
loss), salvus, -a, -um. 

safety, salus, -utis,/ 

same, idem, eadem, idem. 

satisfaction {joy), laetitia, -ae, / 

save {verb), servo and consQrvb, -are, 
-avI, -atum. 

save {except), nisi {conj.); praeter 
{prep, with ace), 

say, dico, -ere, dixT, dictum; say 
that . . . not, nego, -are, -avi, 
-atum ; ( introducing a direct quota- 
tion), inquam, inquis, inquit, in- 
quiunt; as they say, ut aiunt. 

scarcely, vix. 

scoundrel, sceleratus, -1, m. 

scout, explorator, -oris, m, 

sea, mare, -is, n. 

second in command, legatus, -T, m. 

secure, pario, -ere, peperT, partum. 

see, video, -ere, vidi, visum. 

seek, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 

seek after, expeto, -ere, -TvT, -Ttum. 

seem, videor, -eri, visus sum. 

seize {of places), occupo, -are, -avT, 
-atum. 

self {intensive and indir. reflex.), 
ipse, -a, -um; {reflexive only), sui, 
sibi, se or sese, se or sese. 

senate, senatus, -us, m. 

senate-house, curia, -ae, / 

senator, senator, -oris, ;;?.; in pi. often 
patres conscript!. 

send, mitto, -ere, misT, missum. 

send greeting, salutem do, dare, dedl, 
datum, often abbreviated, S.D. 



send on {ahead), praemitto, -ere, 

-misi, -missum. 
sense, sensus, -us, m. 
sense of shame, pudor, -oris, m. 
seriousness, gra vitas, -atis, / 
serve, servi5, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, with 

dat. 
service, officium, -T, n, 
set forth {explain'), expono, -ere, 

-posuT, -positum; doceo, -ere, -uT, 

doctum ; {go) , see set Out. 
set free, llbero, -are, -avi, -atum, with 

abL With names of persons, use ab 

and abL 
set on fire, incendo, -ere, -cendi, 

-censum. 
set out, set forth, proficlscor, -T, -fec- 

tus sum. 
seven, septem, indecl. 
seven hundredth, septingesimus, -a, 

-um. 
seventieth, septuagesimus, -a, -um. 
severe, gravis, -e. 
severity, severitas, -atis,/. 
shame, pudor, -oris, m. 
shield, scutum, -T, n. 
ship, navis, -is,/ 
short, brevis, -e. 
should {ought), 2d periphr. ; debeo, 

-ere, -ui, -itum; oportet, -ere, -uit, 

h?ipers. 
shout {verb), clamo, -are, -avi, -atum; 

{noun), clamor, -oris, m. 
show {inform), doceo, -ere, -ui, doc- 
tum, with two aces.; {exhibit), os- 

tendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum. 
show attentions to, show honor to, 

C0I6, -ere, -ui, cultum. 
Sicily, Sicilia, -ae,/. 
side with {help), adiuvo, -are, -iiivT, 

-iutum, with ace, ; {sympathize 

with), sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, 

with cum and abl. 
sight, conspectus, -iis, m, 
Silvanus, Silvanus, -1, ;;/. 
silver {noun), argentum, -1, «.; 

{adj.), argenteus, -a, -um. 
since, cum, with subj. ; quoniam, 

with iitd. {of an admitted reason), 
six, sex, indecl. 
sixty, sexaginta, indecl. 
skilled, peritus, -a, -um, zvith gen. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



155 



slave, servus, -T, m. 

slavery, servitus, -utis,/. 

slay, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum; 

neco, -are, -avi, -atum. 
slight, exiguus, -a, -um. 
slumber, somnus, -1, m. 
small, parvus, -a, -um. 
so, tarn; ita; sic; the last not with 

adjs. and advs. 
SO great, so important, tantus, -a, 

-um. 
soldier, miles, -itis, m. 
so long in advance, tanto ante. 
so many, tot, inded. 
so many times, totiens. 
some, aliquis, aliquid, and adj. aliquT, 

-qua, -quod; non null!, -ae, -a; 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam; some 

Other, alius, -a, -ud; some . . . 

others, alii . . . alii. 
somewhat, expj-ess by the coifiparative 

or by satis or non nihil. 
son, filius, -i, m. 
so often, totiens. 
soon, mox. 

so to speak, ut ita dicam. 
sound {test\ tempt5 and tento, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
space, spatium, -1, n. 
Spain, Hispania, -ae,/ 
spare, pared, -ere, perpeci, parsum, 

with dat. 
speak, dico, -ere, dixT, dictum; (^con- 
versed ^ loquor, -1, locutus sum, with 

cum and abl. 
spear, pilum, -T, «. 
speech, oratio, -onis, /; make a 

speech, orati5nem habe5, -ere, -uT, 

-itum. 
spirit, animus, -T, m, 
spread abroad, celebro, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
spring from, orior, -iri, ortus sum, 

with ab and abl. 
Spurius Lartius, Spnrius Lartius, -T, 7?t. 
stand, sto, -are, steti, statum. 
stand between, intersum, -esse, -fui, 

-futurus, with inter and ace. 
stand by {help), adsum, -esse, -fui, 

-futurus, with dat. 
start, proficTscor, -1, -fectus sum. 
state {verb), praedico, -are, -avi. 



-atum; dico, -ere, dIxT, dictum; 

{noun), ci vitas, -atis, f.\ res pub- 

lica, rei publicae,/ 
statue, statua, -ae, / 
stay, maneo, -ere, mansT, mansum. 
stern, severus, -a, -um. 
still {never theless),\.2.xvLQVi\ {hitherto), 

adhuc; {even now), etiam num; 

etiam. 
stillness, silentium, -T, n. 
stock {supply^, copia, -ae,/!; {race), 

genus, -eris, n. 
stop, desisto, -ere, -stitT, -stitum; de- 

sino, -ere, -sii, -situm. 
stopping-place {li77iit), modus, -T, 

m. 
stranger, alienus, -1, m.\ ignotus, -1, 

m. 
strategy, consilium, -1, n. 
strength,//. ^/ vis, vis,/ 
strengthen, firmo and Q,oTS\xvi\o, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
stripling, adulescens, -entis, m. 
strive for, expeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 
strongly, vehementer. 
struggle, contendo, -ere, -tend!, -ten- 

tum, with cum and abl. 
study, studium, -1, n. 
stung {agitated), commotus, -a, -um. 
style, genus, -eris, n. 
sufficient, satis, indecl., with gen. 
supplies, commeatus, -us, m. 
suppose, existim5, -are, -avi, -atum; 

opinor, -ari, -atus sum; puto, -are, 

-avi, -atum. 
sure, certus, -a, -um. 
surely, profect5; sane. 
surpassing, egregius, -a, -um. 
surprising, mirus, -a, -um. 
surrender, dedo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. 
surround {intrans.), circumvenio, 

-ire, -veni, -ventum; {tra?ts.), 

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, with 

dat. and ace. or ace. and abl. 
survivors, ei qui supersunt. 
suspicion, suspTcid, -onis,/. 
swamp, palus, -udis,/ 
sway {actuate), permoveo, -ere, -movi, 

-motum. 
sword, gladius, -1, m. 
sympathize with, sentio, -ire, sensi, 

sensum, with cum and abl. 



156 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



tablet, tabula, -ae,/. 

take, capi5, -ere, cepT, captum; sumo, 

-ere, sumpsi, sumptum; {forcibly), 

eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum. 
take back, recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. 
take care of, euro, -are, -avT, -atum. 
take from, adimo, -er#, -eml, -emp- 

tum, 2vith dat. of person deprived ; 

{forcibly), eripio, -ere, -ripuT, 

-reptum; {of persons)^ duco and 

educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum. 
take heart, rebus meis, tuis, suTs, 

etc., melius confldo, -ere, -fisus 

sum. 
take pains, operam do, dare, dedi, 

datum, with ut or ne and subj. 
take prisoner, capio, -ere, cepi, cap- 
tum. 
take the place of, succedo, -ere, 

-cessT, -cessum, with dat. 
take the trouble, operam do, dare, 

dedi, datum, with ut or ne and 

subj. 
take thought for, consul5, -ere, -uT, 

consultum, with dat. 
take to flight, tergum {with pi. verb, 

terga), verto, -ere, verti, versum; 

fugio, -ere, fiTigi. 
take under the protection of the 

state, in fidem publicam recipio, 

-ere, -cepT, -ceptum. 
take upon oneself, mihi, tibi, sibi, 

etc., suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. 
talent, ingenium, -T, 7t. 
talk, loquor, -i, locutus sum, with cum 

and abl. 
Tarquin, Tarquinius, Tarquinius, 

-1, m. 
taunt, verbis lacesso, -ere, -ivT, -itum. 
tax, vectigal, -alis, n. 
teach, doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, with 

two aces. 
tell, dico, -ere, dixT, dictum. 
tell of, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. 
temple, templum, -T, n.-, aedis, -is, 

/ 

tend, pertineo, -ere, -ui, with ad and 

ace. 
tenth, decimus, -a, -um. 
terms, condicio, -bm.s,f. 
terrify, terreo <2;2(^perterreo, -ere, -ui, 

-itum. 



than, quam, or abl, without quam 
when first word contrasted is in 
no77i. or ace. 

thank, gratias ago, -ere, eg!, actum, 
with dat. 

that {de??ionstrative), ille, -a, -ud; is, 
ea, id; {rel.), qui, quae, quod; 
{conj.), quod, with indie, introduc- 
ing a statement of fact ; {of purpose 
or result), ut, ivith subj. ; {after 
neg. expressions of doubt), quin, 
with subj.', that . . . not {to 
express purpose), ne, with subj. ; 
{to express result), ut . . . non, 
or, after negs., quin, with subj. ; 
{to express opposition or contempt), 
iste, -a, -ud. 

that famous, the famous, ille, -a, 
-ud, generally postpos. 

that of yours, iste, -a, -ud. 

the absent, el qui absunt. 

the day before, pridie. 

the great, ille, -a, -ud, generally 
postpos. 

the majority, plerTque, -aeque, -aque. 

the moment that, simul at que or 
simul ac, with indie. 

then, tum; deinde; {introduciiig an 
inference) igitur, generally postpos. 
in Cicero. 

thence, inde. 

the other {of two), alter, -era, -erum; 
the one . . . the other, alter . . . 
alter; the others, ceteri, -ae, -a; 
reliqui, -ae, -a. 

the other side {in debate), isti. 

the outcome was, evenit ut, with 
subj. 

there, ibl; (thither), eo; (of the 
route), ea. 

thereafter, postea. 

therefore, qua re; igitur, generally 
postpos. ill Cicero. 

there is no doubt that, non est 
dubium quin, with subj. 

there is no reason why, nihil est 
quod, zvith subj. 

there is the additional circum- 
stance that, accedit quod, with 
indie. 

thereupon, inde. 

the . . . the {with comparatives), 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



157 



quo . . . eo; the more . . . the 
less, quo magis . . . eo minus. 

thing, res, rei, f. Res generally 
means some particular things as fact, 
circumstance, poiver, etc. ; the Eng- 
lish word '■^ thing ^"^ may generally be 
best expressed by a neuter adjective 
or pronoun, unless the case form 
does not indicate the gender, where 
res m,ay be used. 

think (^suppose, believe), arbitror, -ari, 
-atus sum; cred5, -ere, -didi, -ditum ; 
existimo, -are, -avT, -atum; puto, 
-are, -avT, -atum; {ponder), coglto, 
-are, -avl, -atum. 

third, tertius, -a, -um. 

thirst, sitis, -is,/ 

thirty, triginta, indecl. 

this, hic, haec, hoc; {espec, when 
qualified by rel.), is, ea, id. 

thither, e5. 

though, see although. 

thousand, mille, indecl. in singular ; 
in pi. milia, -ium. 

thousandth, mlllesimus, -a, -um. 

threaten, immineo, -ere, with dat. ; 
impendeo, -ere, with dat; (threaten 
with), voc5, -are, -avi, -atum, with 
ad and ace. 

three, tres, tria. 

three days, triduum, -T, n. 

three hundred, trecenti, -ae, -a. 

thrill, permoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum. 

through, per, with ace. 

throw into disorder, perturb5, -are, 
-a VI, -atum. 

thus, ita; sic. 

Tiber, Tiberis, -is, m. 

Tiberine, of the Tiber, Tiberlnus, 
-a, -um. 

tidings, niintius, -I, m, 

till, see until. 

time, tempus, -oris, n. ; {age), aetas, 
-atis, / 

Titus Herminius, Titus Herminius, 
-1, m. 

to {of the terminus), in ^rad with ace, 
or with names of tozvns., etc., ace. 
alone; {of the indir. obj.), use the 
dat. 

to a different place from, alio 
atque. 



to a man, cunctus, -a, -um. 

toil {verb), laboro, -are, -avi, -atum ; 

{noun), labor, -oris, m. 
too {also), Q^o<\\i.^, postpos. ; etiam; 

{excessively), nimis, or express by 

the comparative. 
too little, parum, indecl., with gen. 
too much, nimis, indecl., with gen., 

or nimius, -a, -um. 
top of, summus, -a, -um, in agreement 

with the word modified. 
torch, fax, facis, / 
torture, cruciatus, -iis, m. 
to or for the same place, eodem. 
touch, tangd, -ere, tetigi, tactum; 

{with emotion), moveo, -ere, movi, 

m5tum. 
towards, ad, with ace. 
town, oppidum, -1, n. 
training, disciplina, -ae,/ 
tranquil, aequus, -a, -um. 
treachery, insidiae, -arum,///. 
treat of, attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum. 
treated with great respect, summo 

honore adfectus, -a, -um. 
tree, arbor, -oris,/ 
trial, iiidicium, -T, n. 
tribune, tribunus, -T, m. 
tributary, vectlgalis, -e. 
trinket, ornamentum, -1, n. 
triumph, triumphus, -1, m. 
troops, copiae, -2iXMm,f. pi. 
troubled, commotus, -a, -um. 
true, verus, -a, -um. 
truly, ve re; vero. 
truthfully, vere. 
trust, confido, -ere, -fisus sum, 

with dat. of persons or abl. of 

things. 
try, conor, -ari, -atus sum; tempt5 

and tento, -are, -avi, -atum. 
try to avoid, vlt5, -are, -avi, -atum. 
twentieth, vTcesimus, -a, -um. 
twenty, vlgintl, indecl. 
two, duo, -ae, -o. 
two days, biduum, -T, n. 
two hundred, ducenti, -ae, -a. 

under {of place), sub, with abl. with 
verbs of rest, and ace. with verbs of 
motion; {of circumstance), abl. of 
accordance ; under these circum- 



158 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



stances, quae cum ita sint; his in 

rebus. 
understand, intelleg5, -ere, -lexT, 

-lectum. 
undertake, suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- 

tum. 
unexpected, repentlnus, -a, -um. 
unfriendly, Infestus, -a, -um. 
unharmed, incolumis, -e. 
unique, singularis, -e. 
unjustly, iniiiria. 
unknown (^/ facts), obscurus, -a, 

-um; {of persons), Tgnotus, -a, -um. 
unless, nisi. 

unperturbed, aequo animo. 
unpopularity, invidia, -ae,/ 
unscathed, incolumis, -e. 
until {conj.), dum; quoad; {prep.), 

ad, with ace. 
unwillingly, say " unwilling,^'' invitus, 

-a, -um. 
unwisely, non sapienter. 
upon {of place), in with abl. 
upright, innocens, -entis. 
urge, hortor, -ari, -atus sum, with ut 

or ne and subj. 
use {verby, utor, -T, iisus sum, with 

abl. 
use {nou7t), usus, -us, m. 
usher in, introdiico, -ere, -duxi, -duc- 

tum. 
utmost, summus, -a, -um. 

valiently, fortiter. 

very, express by stip. ; the very, ipse, 

-a, -um. 
very little, minime. 
veteran {adj.), vetus, -eris. 
victor, victor, -oris, m. 
victory, victoria, -ae,/. 
view {opinion), sententia, -ae, f.\ 

{proposal), ratio, -onis,/ 
vigorously, vehementer. 
villain, nefarius homo, nefarii ho- 

minis, m. 
villainy, facinus, -oris, n. 
violently, vehementer. 
virtue {quality), virtus, -utis,/". 
virtuously, honeste. 
visit with punishment, supplici5 

adficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. 
voluntarily, ultr5. 



vote {particularly of a senator), sen- 
tentia, -2iQ,f 
voyage, cursus, -iis, m. 

wage war, bellum gero, -ere, gessT, 

gestum, with cum and abl. 
wait to see if or whether, exspecto, 

-are, -avT, -atum, with si and subj. 
wall {of a city), murus, -T, w.; {house 

wall), paries, -etis, m. 
want {desire), cupio, -ere, -ivT, -itum; 

volo, velle, volui; expeto, -ere, -ivT, 

-Itum; {lack), careo, -ere, -uT, with 

abl.; want a change of govern- 
ment, novis rebus studeo, -ere, 

-ui. 
war, bellum, -T, n. 
warfare, res mllitaris, rei militaris, /. ; 

bellum, -1, n. 
warn, mone5, -ere, -uT, -itum, with 

ut or ne and subj. ; in the sense of 

^^ give warning of a fact^^ it may 

also take indirect discourse. 
Washington, Vasingto, -onis, m. 
watch {verb), vigil5,-are, -avi, -atum; 

{noun), vigilia, -2.Q,f 
way {route), via, -ae, /. ; iter, itine- 

ris, n.', {manner, method), modus, 

-1, m.; ratio, -5nis,/ 
weapon {offensive), telum, -i, n.; 

{defensive weapons), arma, -orum, 

n. pi. 
wear, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. 
well, bene; be well, valeo, -ere, -uT, 

-itum. 
well-qualified, idoneus, -a, -um, with 

qui and subj. 
well-trained, erudltus, -a, -um. 
what {ret.), qui, quae, quod; {in- 

te7'r.), quis, quid, and adj. qui, 

quae, quod. 
whatever, see whoever, 
what reason is there why, quid est 

quod, with subj. 
what sort of, of what sort, qualis, -e; 

cuius modi. 
when, cum, with indie, or subj. ; ubi, 

with indie. ; {interr.), quando, with 

indie. 
whence, unde. 
whenever, cum, with perf. or plup, 

ind. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



159 



where, ubi ; {whither) , quo ; {by what 
route), qua. 

whereby, say " by which.'''' 

wherefore, qua re. 

wherever, ubi, ubicumque. 

whether {i7iterr.)^ num; -ne., enclit.; 
whether ... or {in alternative 
questio7ts), utrum . . . an, -ne . . . 
an; whether ... or not, utrum 
. . . annon {direct), or necne {in- 
direct) \ whether ... or {in alter- 
native conditions), sive (seu) . . . 
sive (seu). 

which {rel.), qui, quae, quod; {in- 
terr.), quis, quid, and adj. qui, quae, 
quod; which of two, uter, -tra, 
-truin. 

while, dum, with indie. ; cum. 

whither, quo. 

who {rel.), qui, quae, quod; {inter r.), 
quis, quid, a7td adj. qui, quae, quod. 

whoever, whatever, quicumque, 
quaecumque, quodcumque; sT quis, 
81 quid, and adj. si qui, si qua, si 
quod; quisquis, quicquid or quid- 
quid. 

whole, totus, -a, -um; universus, -a, 
-um. 

wholly, omnino. 

why, cur; qua re; quam ob rem; 
qua de causa; {with subst. force), 
quid. 

wicked, improbus, -a, -um. 

wife, uxor, -oris, f.\ coniunx, -iugis 
{lit. " spouse,^'' vieaning either wife 
or husbarid, ajtd therefore in. or f. 
according to its ineaiiing). 

will, voluntas, -atis,/! 

win {conquei'), vinco, -ere, vicT, vic- 
tum; supero, -are, -avT, -atum; 
{succeed), consequor and adse- 
quor, -1, -secutus sum; adipiscor, -1, 
-eptus sum. 

winter, hiems, -is,/ 

wise, sapiens, -entis. 

wisely, sapienter. 

wish, cupio, -ere, -TvT, -itum; volo, 
velle, volui; not wish, nol5, nolle, 
n5lui. 

wish for, cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 

with {to dejiote inanner or accompani- 
ment), cum with abl. 



with all one's might, maxime ; sum- 
mis viribus. 
with calmness, aequo animo. 
withdraw {trans.), detraho, -ere, 

-traxi, -tractum; {intrans.), dis- 

cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. 
with each other, inter se. 
with equanimity, aequo animo. 
with good intentions, bono animo. 
within, in, zvith abl. ; intra, with ace. 
within human recollection, post ho- 

minum memoriam. 
withhold, detraho, -ere, -traxT, -trac- 
tum {lit. ^^ with draw ^^). 
without, sine, with abl. 
without a share in, expers, -pertis, 

with gen. 
without the order, iniussu, abl., m. 
withstand, resisto, -ere, -stiti, with 

dat. ; sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum. 
with the consent of the senators, 

auctoritate patrum. 
with the intention that, e5 consilio 

ut, with subj. 
woe, dolor, -oris, m. 
woman, mulier, -eris, f. ; femina, -ae, /. 
wonder, miror, -ari, -atus sura. 
wonderful, mlrus, -a, -um. 
word, vox, vocis,/". ; verbum, -T, n. 
work, opus, -eris, n. 
work hard, laboro, -are, -avT, atum. 
world (the whole), orbis (-is, w. ) 

terrarum or terrae. 
worry {verb), commoveo, -ere, -movT, 

-motum; {noun), cura, -2ie, f 
worship, veneror, -ari, -atus sum. 
worth, virtus, -utis,/. 
worthy, dignus, -a, -um, with abl. or 

qui and subj. 
would rather, mal5, malle, maluT, 

with if if 
would that, utinam, with subj. ; neg. 

ne or utinam ne. 
wound {verb), vulnero, -are, -avT, 

-atum; {noun), vulnus, -eris, n. 
wretched, miser, -era, -erum. 
write, scrib5, -ere, scrips!, scriptum. 
writer, scrTptor, -oris, m. 
writing, scriptum, -1, n, 
wrong {verb), violo, -are, -avT, -atum; 

{noun), iniuria, -ae, f ; scelus, 

-eris, 71, 



i6o 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



yesterday, herl; hesterno die. 

yet {nevertheless), tamen; {still), 

adhuc; etiamnum. 
year, annus, -T, m. 
yield, concede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. 
you, tu, tuT; vos, vest rum and 

vestri. 



your, yours, tuus, -a, -um; vester, 

-tra, -trum. 
youth {young person), adulescens, 

-entis, m,', {time 0/ youth), adules- 

centia, -a.e, /. 

zeal, studium, -1, n. 



// 



,SEP 15 1913 



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y 



